Bibliography, M-Z

BIBLIOGRAPHY, CONTINUED (M-Z)

RETURN TO BIBLIOGRAPHY, A-L

·Maas, M. C., M. R. L. Anthony, P. D. Gingerich, G. F. Gunnell, and D. W. Krause. 1995. [name] Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 115: 181-207.

·MacDonald, G. J. 1983. The many origins of natural gas. Journal of Petroleum Geology 5: 341-62.

·MacDonald, G. J. 1990. Role of methane clathrates in past and future climates. Climatic Change 16: 247-81.

·MacDonald, I. R., N. L. Guinasso, Jr., R. Sassen, J. M. Brooks, L. Lee, and K. T. Scott. 1994. Gas hydrate that breaches the sea floor on the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico. Geology 22: 699-702.

·Mack, M. C., E. A. G. Schuur, M. S. Bret-Harte, G. R. Shaver, and F. S. Chapin III. 2004. Ecosystem carbon storage in Arctic tundra reduced by long-term nutrient fertilization. Nature 431: 440-43.

·MacLeod, K. G., B. T. Huber, and P. D. Fullagar. 2001. Evidence for a small (~0.000030) but resolvable increase in seawater 87Sr/86Sr ratios across the Creatceous-Tertiary boundary. Geology 29: 303-06. ABS: Has Blake Nose map.

·MacLeod, K. G., P. D. Fullagar, and B. T. Huber. 2003. 87Sr/86Sr test of the degree of impact-induced slope failure in the Maastrichtian of the western North Atlantic. Geology 31: 311-14.

·MacLeod, K. G., R. M. H. Smith, P. L. Koch, and P. D. Ward. 2000. Timing of mammal-like reptile extinctions across the Permian-Triassic boundary in South Africa. Geology 28: 227-30.

·Madigan, M. T., and B. L. Marrs. 1997. Extremophiles. Scientific American April, 1997: 82-87.

·Madigan, M. T., J. M. Martinko, and J. Parker. 2003. Brock Biology of Microorganisms. Prentice-Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ.

·Maeda, K., K. Teramura, D. Lu, T. Takata, N. Saito, Y. Inoue, and K. Domen. 2006. Photocatalyst releasing hydrogen from water. Nature 440: 295.

·Magaritz, M., R. V. Krishnamurthy, and W. T. Holser. 1992. Parallel trends in organic and inorganic carbon isotopes across the Permian/Triassic Boundary. American Journal of Science 292: 727-39.

·Magaritz, M., R. Y. Anderson, W. T. Holser, E.S. Saltzman, and J. Garber. 1983. Isotope shifts in the Late Permian of the Delaware Basin, Texas, precisely timed by varved sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 66: 111-24.

·Maher, B. A., and P. F. Dennis. 2001. Evidence against dust-mediated control of glacial-interglacial changes in atmospheric CO2. Nature 411: 176-80.

·Maher, B. A., R. Thompson, and L. P. Zhou. 1994. Spatial and temporal reconstructions of changes in the Asian palaeomonsoon: A new mineral magnetic approach. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 125: 461-71.

·Maier-Reimer, E., and K. Hasselmann. 1987. Transport and storage of CO2 in the ocean -- an inorganic ocean-circulation carbon cycle model. Climate Dynamics 2: 63-90.

·Malakoff, D. 2002. Going to the edge to protect the sea. Science 296: 458-61.

·Malakoff, D. 2002. Report seeks answers to marine mystery. Science 298: 2110-11. ABS: Commercial fishing and Stellar Sea Lion decline.

·Malakoff, D. 2003. Deep-sea mountaineering. Science 301: 1034-37.

·Malakoff, D. 2004. U.S. asked to act immediately to protect deep-sea corals. Science 304: 31.

·Maliva, R. G., A. H. Knoll, and B. M. Simonson. 2005. Secular change in the Precambrian silica cycle: Insights from chert petrology. GSA Bulletin 117: 835-45.

·Mann, M. E. 2000. Lessons for a new millennium. Science 289: 253-54.

·Mann, M. E. 2002. The value of multiple proxies. Science 297: 1481-82.

·Mann, M. E., and K. A. Emanuel. 2006. Atlantic hurricane trends linked to climate change. Eos 87: 233, 238, 241.

·Mann, M. E., R. S. Bradley, K. Briffa, J. Cole, M. K. Hughes, J. T. Overpeck, J. M. Jones, H. von Storch, M. Widmann, H. Wanner, and S. L. Webber. 2001. Reconstructing Late Holocene climate. Eos 82: 553.

·Mann, M., C. Amman, R. Bradley, K. Briffa, T. Osborn, T. Crowley, M. Hughes, S. Rutherford, K. Trenberth, and T. Wigley. 2003. On past temperatures and anomalous late-20th century warmth. Eos 84: 256-57.

·Manne, A. S., and R. G. Richels. 2001. An alternative approach to establishing trade-offs among greenhouse gases. Nature 410: 675-77. ABS: Reviewed by Bradford, 2001.

·Mao, W. L., H.k. Mao, A. F. Goncharov, V. V. Struzhkin, Q. Guo, J. Hu, J. Shu, R. J. Hemley, M. Somayazulu, and Y. Zhao. 2002. Hydrogen clusters in clathrate hydrate. Science 297: 2247-49.

·Maqueda, M. A. M., and S. Rahmstorf. 2002. Did Antarctica sea-ice expansion cause glacial CO2 decline? Geophysical Research Letters 29: 11-13.

·Marcy, T. P., D. W. Fahey, R. S. Gao, P. J. Popp, E. C. Richard, T. L. Thompson, K. H. Rosenlof, E. A. Ray, R. J. Salawitch, C. S. Atherton, D. J. Bergmann, B. A. Ridley, A. J. Weinheimer, M. Loewenstein, E. M. Weinstock, and M. J. Mahoney. 2004. Quantifying stratospheric ozone in the upper troposphere with in situ measurement of HCI. Science 304: 261-65.

·Margolis, S. V., P. Claeys, and F. T. Kyte. 1991. Microtektites, microkrystites and spinels from a Late Pliocene asteroid impact in the southern ocean. Science 251: 1594-97.

·Maria, S. F., L. M. Russell, M. K. Gilles, and S. C. B. Myneni. 2004. Organic aerosol growth mechanisms and their climate-forcing implications. Science 306: 1921-24.

·Marlow, J. R., C. B. Lange, G. Wefer, and A. Rosell-Melé. 2000. Upwelling intensification as part of the Pliocene-Pleistocene climate transition. Science 290: 2288-91.

·Marris, E. 2004. Climate change clouds commercial licence to krill. Nature 432: 4. ABS: Review of Atkinson, 2004.

·Marris, E. 2004. Climate modellers go local to target California's politicians. Nature 430: 818.

·Marris, E. 2005. Professors bristle as states act to mould lecture content. Nature 434: 686.

·Marris, E. 2007. There goes Texas. Nature 446: 362-63.

·Marsh, A. G., L. S. Mullineaux, C. M. Young, and D. T. Manahan. 2001. Larval dispersal potential of the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Nature 411: 77-80.

·Marshall, C. 2005. Comment on "Abrupt and gradual extinction among Late Permian land vertebrates in the Karoo Basin, South Africa" (Ward, 2005). (Technical comment) Science 308: www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/308/5727/1413b ABS: Also see Ward, 2005b.

·Martin, G. 2005. Decline in plankton threatens sea life. San Francisco Chronicle (7/12/05): A1, 11.

·Martin, R. E. 1995. Cyclic and secular variation in microfossil mineralization: clues to the biogeochemical evolution of Phanerozoic oceans. Global and Planetary Change 11: 1-23.

·Martin, R. E. 1996. Late Permian Extinctions (response to Knoll, 1996). Science 274: 1549-50.

·Martin, W., and T. M. Embley. 2004. Early evolution comes full circle. Nature 431: 134-35.

·Martini, I. P., ed. 1997. Late Glacial and Postglacial Environmental Changes: Quaternary, Carboniferous-Permian, and Proterozoic. Oxford University Press: New York, Oxford.

·Martrat, B., J. O. Grimalt, C. Lopez-Martinez, I. Cacho, F. J. Sierro, J. A. Flores, R. Zahn, M. Canals, J. H. Curtis, D. A. Hodell. 2004. Abrupt temperature changes in the Western Mediterranean over the past 250,000 years. Science 306: 1762-65.

·Marty, B. 2001. New prospects for old gas. Nature 409: 293, 295.

·Marufu, L. T., B. F. Taubman, B. Bloomer, C. A. Piety, B. G. Doddridge, J. W. Stehr, and R. R. Dickerson. 2004. The 2003 North American electrical blackout: An accidental experiment in atmospheric chemistry. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L13106, doi:10.1029/2004GL019771

·Marukoka, T., and C. Koebert. 2003. Acid-neutralizing scenario after the Cretaceous-Tertiary impact event. Geology 31: 489-92.

·Marzoli, A., H. Bertrand, K. B. Knight, S. Cirilli, N. Buratti, C. Vérati, S. Nomade, P. R. Renne, N. Youbi, R. Martini, K. Allenbach, R. Neuwerth, C. Rapaille, L. Zaninetti, and G. Bellieni. 2004. Synchrony of the Central Atlantic magmatic province and the Triassic-Jurassic boundary climatic and biotic crisis. Geology 32: 973-76.

·Marzoli, A., P. R. Renne, E. M. Piccirillo, M. Ernesto, G. Bellieni, and A. D. Min. 1999. Extensive 200-million-year-old continental flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province. Science 284: 616-18.

·Marzuola, C. 2002. Snowball melting? Ancient formation shows glacier activity. Science News 162: 246.

·Mascie-Taylor, C. G., and E. Karim. 2003. The burden of chronic disease. Science 302: 1921-22.

·Maslin, M. 2004. Ecological versus climatic thresholds. Science 306: 2197-98.

·Maslin, M. A., and S. J. Burns. 2000. Reconstruction of the Amazon basin effective moisture availability over the past 14,000 years. Science 290: 2285-87. ABS: Reviewed by Betancourt, 2000.

·Mason, B. 2003. Ecologists attack endangered-species logjam. Nature 426: 592.

·Mason, B. 2004. The hot hand of history. Nature 427: 582-3.

·Mastrandrea, M. D., and S. H. Schneider. 2004. Probabilistic integrated assessment of "dangerous" climate change. Science 304: 571-75.

·Matthews, D. 2006. The water cycle freshens up. Nature 439: 793-94. ABS: Review of Gedney, 2006.

·Maurer, B. A. 2002. Big thinking. Nature 415: 489, 491.

·Max, M. D. 2000. Natural Gas Hydrate: in Oceanic and Permafrost Environments. (Kluwer, Dordrecht).

·Max, M. D., ed. 2000. Natural Gas Hydrate: In Oceanic and Permafrost Environments. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, Boston, London.

·Maxwell, W. D. 1992. Permian and Early Triassic extinction of non-marine tetrapods. Palaeontology 35: 571-83.

·May, R. M. 2004. Ethics and amphibians. Nature 431: 403.

·Mayle, F. E., R. Burbridge, and T. J. Killeen. 2000. Millennial-scale dynamics of southern Amazonian rain forests. Science 290: 2291-94. ABS: Reviewed by Betancourt, 2000.

·Mayorga, E., A. K. Aufdenkampe, C. A. Masiello, a. V. Krusche, J. I. Hedges, P. D. Quay, J. E. Richey, and T. A. Brown. 2005. Young organic matter as a source of carbon dioxide outgassing from Amazonian rivers. Nature 436: 538-41. ABS: Reviewed by Raymond, 2005.

·McBirney, A. R. 1993. Igneous Petrology (2nd ed.). Jones and Bartlett: Boston, London.

·McCabe, M. 2002. Nurturing nature. San Francisco Chronicle (5/22/02): A21 and 25.

·McCammon, C. 2005. The paradox of mantle redox. Science 308: 807-08.

·McCarl, B. A., and U. A. Schneider. 2001. Greenhouse gas mitigation in U.S. agriculture and forestry. Science 294: 2481-82.

·McCarthy, M. 2004. Disaster at sea: Global warming hits UK birds. The lndependent (United Kingdom), July 30, 2004.

·McCay, G. A., A. R. Prave, G. I. Alsop, and A. E. Fallick. 2006. Glacial trinity: Neoproterozoic Earth history within the British-Irish Caledonides. Geology 34: 909-12.

·McConnaughey, T. A. 1994. Calcification, photosynthesis, and global carbon cycles. In Doumange, F., ed. 1994. Past and Present Biomineralization Processes. Monaco Museum of Oceanography Bulletin 13, p. 137-56.

·McConnell, J. C., M. B. McElroy, and S. C. Wofsy. 1971. Natural sources of atmospheric CO. Nature 233: 187-88.

·McCook, A. 2001. Dwinding albedo. Scientific American 285 (July 2001): 29.

·McCulloch, M., S. Fallon, T. Wyndham, E. Hendy, J. Lough, and D. Barnes. 2003. Coral record of increased sediment flux to the inner Great Barrier Reef since European settlement. Nature 421: 727-30. ABS: Reviewed by Cole, 2003.

·McElwain, J. C., D. J. Beerling, and F. I. Woodward. 1999. Fossil plants and global warming at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Science 285: 1386-90.

·McGhee, G. R., Jr. 1996. The Late Devonian Mass Extinction. Columbia University Press: New York.

·McGovern, T. H., and S. Perdikaris, 2000. The Vikings' silent saga. Natural History 109 (October 2000): 50-57.

·McGowan, A. J. 2004. Ammonoid taxonomic and morphologic recovery patterns after the Permian-Triassic. Geology 32: 665-68.

·McInnis, D. 1998. And the waters prevailed. Earth 7 (August 1998): 46-54.

·McKane, R. B., L. C. Johnson, G. R. Shaver, K.J. Nadelhoffer, E. B. Rastetter, B. Fry, A. E. Giblin, K. Kielland, B. L. Kwiatkowski, J. A. Laundre, and G. Murray. 2002. Resource-based niches provide a basis for plant species diversity and dominance in Arctic tundra. Nature 415: 65-68.

·McKay, C. P. 1991. Urey prize lecture: Planetary evolution and the origin of life. Icarus 91: 93-100.

·McLaren, D. J. 1970. Presidential address: Time, life and boundaries. Journal of Paleontology 44: 801-15.

·McManus, J. F., R. Francois, J.-M. Gherardi, L. D. Keigwin, and S. Brown-Leger. 2004. Collapse and rapid resumption of Atlantic meridional circulation linked to deglacial climate changes. Nature 428: 834-37.

·McMichael, A. J., C. D. Butler, and C. Folke. 2003. New Visions for Addressing Sustainability. Science 302: 1919-20.

·McMurtry, G. M., G. J. Fryer, D. R. Tappin, I. P. Wilkinson, M. Williams, J. Fietzke, D. Garbe-Schoenberg, and P. Watts. 2004. Megatsunami deposits on Kohala volcano, Hawaii, from flank collapse of Mauna Loa. Geology 32: 741-44.

·McNutt, M. K. 2006. Another nail in the plume coffin. Science 313: 1394-95.

·McPhaden, M. J., S. E. Zebiak, and M. H. Glantz. 2006. ENSO as an integrating concept in earth science. Science 314: 1740-45.

·Mears, C. A., and F. J. Wentz. 2005. The effect of diurnal correction on satellite-derived lower tropospheric temperature. Science 309: (doi): 10.1126/science.1114772.

·Medina-Elizalde, M., and D. W. Lea. 2005. The Mid-Pleistocene transition in the tropical Pacific. Science 310: 1009-12.

·MEDINAUT/MEDINETH Shipboard Scientific Parties: G. Aloisi, S. Asjes, K. Bakker, M. Bakker, J.-L. Charlou, G. De Lange, J.-P. Donval, A. Fiala-Medioni, J.-P. Foucher, R. Haanstra, R. Haese, S. Heijs, P. Henry, C. Huguen, B. Jelsma, S. de Lint, M. van der Maarel, J. Mascle, S. Muzet, G. Nobbe, R. Pancost, H. Pelle, C. Pierre, W. Polman, L. de S. Domis, M. Sibuet, T. van Wijk, J. Woodside, and T. Zitter. 2000. Linking Mediterranean brine pools and mud volcanism. Eos 81: 625, 631-32.

·Meehl, G. A., W. M. Washington, W. D. Collins, J. M. Arblaster, A. Hu, L. E. Buja, W. G. Strand, and H. Teng. 2005. How much more global warming and sea level rise? Science 307: 1769-72.

·Meehl, G., C. Covey, and M. Latif. 2004. Soliciting participation in climate model analyses leading to IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. Eos 85: 274.

·Mehta, M. P., and J. A. Baross. 2006. Nitrogen Fixation at 92°C by a hydrothermal vent Archaeon. Science 314: 1783-86. ABS: Reviewed by Capone, 2006; Milius, 2006.

·Meier, M. F., and M. B. Dyurgerov. 2002. How Alaska affects the world. Science 297: 350-51. ABS: Review of Arendt, 2002.

·Meier, W. J. Stroeve, F. Fetterer, and K. Knowles. 2005. Reductions to Arctic sea ice cover no longer limited to summer. Eos 86: 326.

·Melezhik, V. A., A. E. Fallick, E. J. Hanski, L. R. Kump, A. Lepland, A. R. Prave, and H. Struass. 2005. Emergence of the aerobic biosphere during the Archean-Proterozoic transition: Challenges of future research. GSA Today 15 (November, 2005): 4-9.

·Melillo, J. M., P. A. Steudler, J. D. Aber, K. Newkirk, H. Lux, F. P. Bowles, C. Catricala, A. Magill, T. Ahrens, and S. Morrisseau. 2002. Soil warming and carbon-cycle feedbacks to the climate system. Science 298: 2173-76.

·Melosh, H. J. 2001. Impact-induced volcanism: A geologic myth. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 33 (no. 7): A-433.

·Melosh, H. J. 2003. The history of air. Nature 424: 22-23. ABS: Review of Stuart, 2003.

·Melosh, H. J., and G. S. Collins. 2005. Meteor Crater formed by low-velocity impact. Nature 434: 157.

·Melosh, J. 2001. Deep down at Chicxulub. Nature 414: 861-62.

·Menand, T., and S. R. Tait. 2001. A phenomenological model for precursor volcanic eruptions. Nature 411: 678-80.

·Menegatti, A. P., H. Weissert, R. S. Brown, R. V. Tyson, P. Farrimond, A. Strasser, and M. Caron. 1998. High-resolution d13C stratigraphy through the early Aptian "Livello Selli" of the Alpine Tethys. Paleoceanography 13: 530-45.

·Menon, S., J. Hansen, L. Nazarenko, and Y. Luo. 2002. Climate effects of black carbon aerosols in China and India. Science 297: 2250-53. ABS: Reviewed by Chameides and Bergin, 2002.

·Merrill, R. T. 2004. Time of reversal. Nature 428: 608-09. ABS: Review of Clement, 2004. [didn't copy].

·Merryfield, B. 2005. Ocean mixing in 10 steps. Science 308: 641-42. ABS: Review of Schmitt, 2005, on salt fingers.

·Mervis, J. 2004. Bush victory leaves scars-and concerns about funding. Science 306: 1110-13.

·Mervis, J. 2005. NOAA loses funding to gather long-term climate data. Science 307: 188.

·Mervis, J. 2007. IPY means doing what it takes to get to the ends of the earth. Science 315: 1514-17.

·Michaelis, W., R. Seifert, K. Nauhaus, T. Treude, V. Thiel, M. Blumenberg, K. Knittel, A. Gieseke, K. Peterknecht, T. Pape, A. Boetius, R. Amann, B. B. Jørgensen, F. Widdel, J. Peckmann, N. V. Pimenov, and M. B. Gulin. 2002. Microbial reefs in the Black Sea fueled by anaerobic oxidation of methane. Science 297: 1013-15.

·Michaelis, W., R. Seifert, M. Blumenberg, T. Pape, K. Nauhaus, F. Widdel, and J. Reitner. 2003. Variable microbial consortia performing anaerobic oxidation of methane in the Black Sea. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 35: 288.

·Mienert, J., J. Posewang, and M. Baumann. 1998. Gas hydrates along the north-eastern Atlantic margin: possible hydrate bound instabilities and possible releases of methane. In Henriet, J.-P., and J. Mienert, eds., 1998.

·Mii, H.-S., E. L. Grossman, and T. E. Yancey. 1997. Stable carbon and oxygen isotope shifts in Permian seas of West SpitsbergenGlobal change or diagenetic artifact? Geology 25: 227-30.

·Milani, A. 2003. Extraterrestrial material virtual or real hazards? Science 300: 1882-883.

·Milinski, M. D. Semmann, and H. J. Krambeck. 2002. Reputation helps solve the 'tragedy of the commons.' Nature 415: 424-26.

·Milius, S. 2001. New test traces underground forest carbon. Science News 159: 372.

·Milius, S. 2002. Climate upsets: Big model predicts many new neighbors. Science News 161: 230. ABS: Review article for Peterson, A. T., Nature, April 11, 2002.

·Milius, S. 2002. Did mammals spread from Asia? Science News 161: 165-66. ABS: Review article for Bowen, G. J., Science, March 15, 2002.

·Milius, S. 2003. Breathless: Reef fish cope with low oxygen. Science News 164: 198. ABS: Review of Nilsson, G. E., and S. Östlund-Nilsson, 2003 (upcoming PNAS).

·Milius, S. 2003. Shark Serengeti: Ocean predators have diversity hot spots. Science News 164: 85.

·Milius, S. 2003. When genes escape. Science News 164: 232-33.

·Milius, S. 2004. Corals without boarders. Science News 166: 88-89.

·Milius, S. 2004. Deep-sea cukes can't avoid the weather. Science News 166: 53-54.

·Milius, S. 2004. Mangrove might: Nearby trees boost reef-fish numbers. Science News 165: 85-86. ABS: Review of Mumby, 2004, Nature 427: 533-36 (didn't copy).

·Milius, S. 2004. There's a catch. Science News 166: 133-34.

·Milius, S. 2006. Hottest fixer. Science News 170: 388-89. ABS: Review of Mehta and Baross, 2006.

·Milius, S. 2006. Krill kick up a storm of ocean mixing. Science News 170: 238.

·Milius, S. 2006. No early birds: Migrators can't catch advancing caterpillars. Science News 169: 276.

·Milius, S. 2006. They're all part fungus. Science News 169: 231-32.

·Milius, S. 2006. Tropical diversity came with time. Science News 170: 270.

·Milius, S. 2007. Mushroom boom. Science News 171: 212.

·Milius, S. 2007. What's going on down there? Science News 171: 107-09.

·Milkov, A. V., G.E. Claypool, Y.-J. Lee, W. Xu, G. R. Dickens, W. S. Borowski, and ODP Leg 204 Scientific Party. 2003. In situ methane concentrations at Hydrate Ridge, offshore Oregon: New constraints on the global gas hydrate inventory from an active margin. Geology 31: 833-36. ABS: Note Dickens is a co-author.

·Miller, G. H. 2001. Climate implications of changing Arctic sea ice. Eos 82: 97, 103.

·Miller, K. G., D. B. Rowley, M. A. Kominz, and D. V. Kent. 2005. Seafloor spreading, sea level, and ocean chemistry changes. Eos 86: 335.

·Miller, K. G., M. A. Kominz, J. V. Browning, J. D. Wright, G. S. Mountain, M. E. Katz, P. J. Sugarman, B. S. Cramer, N. Christie-Blick, and S. F. Pekar. 2005. The Phanerozoic record of global sea-level change. Science 310: 1293-98.

·Miller, K. G., P. J. Sugarman, J. V. Browning, M. A. Kominz, J. C. Hernández, R. K. Olsson, J. D. Wright, M. D. Feigenson, and W. V. Sickel. 2003. Late Cretaceous chronology of large, rapid sea-level changes: Glacioeustasy during the greenhouse world. Geology 31: 585-88.

·Miller, L., and B. C. Douglas. 2004. Mass and volume contributions to twentieth-century global sea level rise. Nature 428: 406-09.

·Miller-Butterworth, C. M., D. S. Jacobs, and E. H. Harley. 2003. Strong population substructure is correlated with morphology and ecology in a migratory bat. Nature 424: 187-91.

·Millero, F. J. 1991. The oxidation of H2O with O2 in the Black Sea. In Izdar and Murray, 1991, p. 205-28. ABS: Selection only.

·Millo, C., M. Sarnthein, H. Erlenkeuser, and T. Frederichs. 2005. Methane-driven late Pleistocene d13C minima and overflow reversals in the southwestern Greenland Sea. Geology 33: 873-76.

·Mills, M. M., C. Ridame, M. Davey, J. L. Roche, and R. J. Geider. 2004. Iron and phosphorus co-limit nitrogen fixation in the eastern tropical North Atlantic. Nature 429: 292-94.

·Milly, P. C. D., K. A. Dunne, and A. V. Vecchia. 2005. Global pattern of trend in streamflow and water availability in a changing climate. Nature 438: 347-50.

·Milly, P. C. D., R. T. Wetherald, K. A. Dunne, and T. L. Delworth. 2002. Increasing risk of great floods in a changing climate. Nature 415: 514-17. ABS: Reviewed by Schnur, 2002.

·Milne, G. A., J. L. Davis, J. X. Mitrovica, H.-G. Scherneck, J. M. Johansson, M. Vermeer, and H. Koivula. 2001. Space-geodetic constraints on glacial isostatic adjustment in Fennoscandia. Science 291: 2381-85.

·Mishchenko, M. I., I. V. Geogdzhayev, W. B. Rossow, B. Cairns, B. E. Carlson, A. A. Lacis, L. Liu, and L. D. Travis. 2007. Long-term satellite record reveals likely recent aerosol trend. Science 315: 1543.

·Mix, A. C. 2003. Chilled out in the ice-age Atlantic. Nature 425: 32-3.

·Moberg, A., D. M. Sonechkin, K. Holmgren, N. M. Datsenko, and W. Karlén. 2005. Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data. Nature 433: 613-17.

·Mojzsis, S. J. 2003. Probing early atmospheres. Nature 425: 249-51. ABS: Review of Kaufman and Xiao, 2003. GHGs keep (today's) surface temperatures 33°K higher than they would be otherwise. Kaufman and Xiao indicate Mid-Proterozoic (~ 1400 Ma) CO2 levels were at least 10 times and possibly as high as 200 times PAL. Results agree with other studies from 2750 Ma, placing CO2 levels at at least 100 times PAL. At 1400 Ma, solar constant was 88% of present. Keeping planet from freezing during Archaean and Proterozoic may have required CO2 at 1000 times PAL. Dislikes high methane proposal because free oxygen would have shortened its lifetime. "All in all, it would seem that the imposition of high, steady-state concentrations of CO2 is consistent with the temperature record of a mostly ice-free Proterozoic."

·Mojzsis, S. J., and T. Mark. 2000. Vestiges of a beginning: Clues to the emergent biosphere recorded in the oldest known sedimentary rocks. GSA Today 10 (April 2000): 1-6.

·Monastersky, R. 1996. Global crisis: The fungi stand alone. Science News 149: 164.

·Monastersky, R. 1996. The mother lode of natural gas: Methane hydrates stir tales of hope and hazard. Science News 150: 298-99.

·Monastersky, R. 1997. Caribbean blasts sparked global warmth. Science News 152: 319.

·Monastersky, R. 1997. Craters and extinctions: Time of reckoning. Science News 152: 71.

·Monastersky, R. 1997. Life's closest call: What caused the spectacular extinctions at the end of the Permian period? Science News 151: 74-5.

·Monastersky, R. 1998. The ice that burns: Can methane hydrates fuel the 21st century? Science News154: 312-14.

·Monastersky, R. 1999. Out of swamps: How early vertebrates established a foothold with all 10 toes on land. Science News 155: 328-30.

·Monastersky, R. 1999. Reading the leaves for climate clues. Science News 156: 12. ABS: Review article for Wagner, F., Science, June 18, 1999.

·Monnin, E., A. Indermühle, A. Dällenbach, J. Flükiger, B. Stauffer, T. F. Stocker, D. Raynaud, and J.-M. Barnola. 2001. Atomspheric CO2 concentrations over the Last Glacial Termination. Science 291: 112-14.

·Monson, R. K., D. L. Lipson, S. P. Burns, A. A. Turnipseed, A. C. Delany, M. W. Williams, and S. K. Schmidt. 2006. Winter forest soil respiration controlled by climate and microbial community composition. Nature 439: 711-14.

·Montagna, P., M. McCulloch, M. Taviani, C. Mazzoli, and B. Vendrell. 2006. Phosphorus in cold-water corals as a proxy for seawater nutrient chemistry. Science 312: 1788-91. ABS: Reviewed by Boyle, 2006.

·Montanari, A., F. Asaro, and J. P. Kennett. 1993. Iridium anomalies of late Eocene age at Massignano (Italy), and ODP Site 689B (Maud Rise, Antarctica). Palaios 8: 420-37. [copied abstract only]

·Montañez, I. P., and J. L. Banner. 2000. Evolution of the Sr and C Isotope Composition of Cambrian Oceans. GSA Today 10: 1-7.

·Montañez, I. P., N. J. Tabor, D. Niemeier, W. A. DiMichele, T. D. Frank, C. R. Fielding, J. L. Isbell, L. P. Birgenheier, and M. C. Rygel. 2007. CO2-forced climate and vegetation instability during late Paleozoic deglaciation. Science 315: 87-91.

·Montgomery, K. 2003. Siccar Point and teaching the history of geology. Journal of Geoscience Education 51: 500-05.

·Montoya, J. M., S. L. Pimm, and R. V. Solé. 2006. Ecological networks and their fragility. Nature 442: 259-64. ABS: Reviewed by Holt, 2006.

·Mooney, H. 2005. Confronting the human dilemma. Nature 434: 561-62.

·Moorbath, S. 2005. Dating earliest life. Nature 434: 155.

·Moore, G. W. K., G. Holdsworth, and K. Alverson. 2002. Climate change in the North Pacific region over the past three centuries. Nature 420: 401-3.

·Moore, J. G., and G. W. Moore. 1984. Deposit from a giant wave on the island of Lanai. Science 226: 1312-15. [326 m above sea level; from the Alika slide off Hawaii??? See Moore, 1989.]

·Moore, J. G., D. A. Clague, R. T. Holcomb, P. W. Lipman, W. R. Normark, and M. E. Torresan. 1989. Prodigious submarine landslides on the Hawaiian Ridge. Journal of Geophysical Research 94B: 17, 465-84.

·Moore, J. M. 2004. Blueberry fields for ever. Nature 428: 711-12.

·Moore, P. D. 2003. Roots of diversity. Nature 424: 26-27.

·Moore, P. D. 2004. Favoured aliens for the future. Nature 427: 594.

·Moore, P. D. 2005. Down to the woods yesterday. Nature 433: 588-89.

·Morales, M. A. [actual name is M. A. Morales Maqueda], and S. Rahmstorf 2001. Did Antarctica sea-ice expansion cause glacial CO2 decline? Geophysical Research Letters 29: 10.1029/2001GL013240.

·Moran, K., J. Backman, H. Brinkhuis, S. C. Clemens, T. Cronin, G. R. Dickens, F. Eynaud, J. Gattacceca, M. Jakobsson, R. W. Jordan, M. Kaminski, J. King, N. Koc, A. Krylov, N. Martinez, J. Matthiessen, D. McInroy, T. C. Moore, J. Onodera, M. O'Regan, H. Pälike, B. Rea, D. Rio, T. Sakamoto, D. C. Smith, R. Stein, K. St John, I. Suto, N. Suzuki, K. Takahashi, M. Watanabe, M. Yamamoto, J. Farrell, M. Frank, P. Kubik, W. Jokat, and Y. Kristoffersen. 2006. The Cenozoic palaeoenvironment of the Arctic Ocean. Nature 441: 601-05. ABS: Reviewed by Stoll, 2006.

·Moran, K., J. Backman, H. Brinkhuis, S. C. Clemens, T. Cronin, G. R. Dickens, F. Eynaud, J. Gattacceca, M. Jakobsson, R. W. Jordan, M. Kaminski, J. King, N. Koc, A. Krylov, N. Martiniez, J. Matthiessen, D. McInroy, T. C. Moore, J. Onodera, M. O'Regan, H. Pälike, B. Rea, D. Rio, T. Sakamoto, D. C. Smith, R. Stein, K. St. John, I. Suto, N. Suzuki, K. Takahashi, M. Watanabe, M. Yamamoto, J. Farrell, M. Frank, P. Kubik, W. Jokat, and Y. Kristoffersen. 2006. The Cenozoic palaeoenvironment of the Arctic Ocean. Nature 441: 601-05. ABS: Reviewed by Moran, 2006.

·Morante, R. 1993. The C-isotope perturbation at the Permian/Triassic boundary: Evidence of a greenhouse overshoot? Presentation at the 1st International Symposium on Applied Isotope Geochemistry, 29 August-3 September, 1993: Geiranger, Norway.

·Morante, R. 1994. Carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Permian-Triassic in Australian marine and nonmarine sedimentary basins (abstract). Erlanger Geologische Abhandlungen.

·Morante, R. 1994. Determining the carbon isotope chemostratigraphy across the Permian/Triassic boundary in Australia (abstract). Abstracts of the Eighth International Conference on Geochronology, Cosmochronology, and Isotope Geology. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1107.

·Morante, R. 1994. Determining the Permian/Triassic boundary in Australia using carbon isotope chemostratigraphy (abstract). Abstracts and Programme, Macquerie University Centre for Ecostratigraphy and Palaeobiology, and the Association of Australian Palaeontologists, February, 1994.

·Morante, R. 1995. Permian to Early Triassic isotopic records of cabron and strontium in Australian sedimentary basins (abstract). Abstracts and Programme, First Australian Conodont Symposium (AUSCOS-1) and the Boucot Symposium, July 18-21, 1995, Macquerie University, Sydney.

·Morante, R. 1995. Permian-Triassic Stable Isotope Stratigraphy of Australia. Ph. D. Thesis, Macquerie University, New South Wales.

·Morante, R., A. S. Andrew, J. Veevers, and P. J. Hamilton. 1994. Carbon-isotope chemostratigraphy across the Permian/Triassic boundary in Australia (abstract). Abstracts no. 37, Geological Society of Australia, September, 1994.

·Morante, R., and C. Herbert. 1994. Carbon isotopes and sequence stratigraphy about the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Sydney Basin. Twenty-Eighth Newcastle Symposium, on "Advances in the Study of the Sydney Basin," April 15-17, 1994.

·Morante, R., J. J. Veevers, A. S. Andrew, and P. J. Hamilton. 1994. Determination of the Permian-Triassic boundary in Australia from carbon isotope stratigraphy. APEA Journal.

·Moreira, N. 2005. Growing expectations. Science News 168: 218-20.

·Moreira, N. 2005. Last gasp: Toxic gas could explain great extinction. Science News 167: 339-40.

·Moreira, N. 2005. The wind and the fury. Science News 168: 184-86.

·Moreira, N. F., L. M. Walter, C. Vasconcelos, J. A. Mckenzie, and P. J. McCall. 2004. Role of sulfide oxidation in dolomitization: Sediment and pore-water geochemistry of a modern hypersaline lagoon system. Geology 32: 701-04.

·Moreno, P. I., G. L. Jacobson Jr, T. V. Lowell, and G. H. Denton. 2001. Interhemispheric climate links revealed by a Late-Glacial cooling episode in souther n Chile. Nature 409: 804-05.

·Morgan, J. P., T. J. Reston, and C. R. Ranero. 2004. Contemporaneous mass extinctions, continental flood basalts, and 'impact signals': Are mantle plume-induced lithospheric gas explosions the causal link? Earth and Planetary Science Letters 217: 263-84.

·Morgan, K. 2003. Sexual hang up: Fish hormones change when oxygen is scarce. Science News 163: 312. ABS: Review article for Wu, R. S. S., (forthcoming) Environmental Science and Technology.

·Morgan, M. G. 2006. Don't grandfather coal plants. Science 314: 1049.

·Morin, P. J., and J. W. Fox. 2004. Diversity in the deep blue sea. Nature 429: 813-14. ABS: Review of Irigoien, 2004.

·Moritz, R. E., C. M. bitz, and E. J. Steig. 2002. Dynamics of recent climate change in the Arctic. Science 297: 1497-502.

·Morris, R. M., M. S. Rappé, S. A. Connon, K. L. Vergin, W. A. Siebold, C. A. Carison, and S. J. Giovannoni. 2002. SAR11 clade dominates ocean surface bacterioplankton communities. Nature 420: 806-10.

·Morrison, K. D. 2006. Failure and how to avoid it. Nature 440: 752-54.

·Mory, A. J., R. P. Iasky, A. Y. Glikson, and F. Pirajno. 2000b. Response to "Critical comment on: A. J. Mory et al., 2000, Woodleigh, Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia: a new 120 km diameter impact structure." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 184: 359-65.

·Mudelsee, M., M. Börngen, G. Tetzlaff, and U. Grünewald. 2003. No upward trends in the occurrence of extreme floods in central Europe. Nature 425: 166-69.

·Mumby, P. J., C. P. Dahlgren, A. R. Harborne, C. V. Kappel, F. Micheli, D. R. Brumbaugh, K. E. Holmes, J. M. Mendes, K. Broad, J. N. Sanchirico, K. Buch, S. Box, R. W. Stoffle, and A. B. Gill. 2006. Fishing, trophic cascades, and the process of grazing on coral reefs. Science 311: 98-101. ABS: Reviewed by Hoegh-Guldberg, 2006

·Mundil, R., K. R. Ludwig, I. Metcalfe, and P. R. Renne. 2004. Age and timing of the Permian mass extinctions: U/Pb dating of closed-system zircons. Science 305: 1760-63. ABS: Reviewed by Kerr, 2004.

·Munk, W. 2003. Ocean freshening, sea level rising. Science 300: 2041-43. ABS: Explains difference between eustatic and steric (ocean warming) sea-level change.

·Murchey, B. L., and D. L. Jones. 1992. A mid-Permian chert event: widespread deposition of biogenic siliceous sediments in coastal, island arc and oceanic basins. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 96: 161-74.

·Murnane, R. J. and H. F. Diaz. 2006. Assessing, modeling, and monitoring the impacts of extreme climate events. Eos 87: 25, 30.

·Murphy, D. M. 2005. Something in the air. Science 307: 1888-90.

·Murphy, J. M., D. M. H. Sexton, D. H. Barnett, G. S. Jones, M. J. Webb, M. Collins, and D. A. Stainforth. 2004. Quantification of modelling uncertainties in a large ensemble of climate change simulations. Nature 430: 768-72.

·Murray, T. 2006. Greenland's ice on the scales. Nature 443: 277-78. ABS: Review of Velicogna and Wahr, 2006.

·Musashi, M., Y. Isozaki, T. Koike, and R. Kruelen. 2001. Stable carbon isotope signature in mid-Panthalassa shallow water carbonates across the Permo-Triassic boundary: evidence for 13C-depleted superocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 191: 9-20.

·Muscheler, R., J. Beer, G. Wagner, and R. C. Finkel. 2000. Changes in deep-water formation during the Younger Dryas event inferred from 10Be and 14C records. Nature 408: 567-70.

·Muttoni, G., E. Erba, D. V. Kent, and V. Bachtadse. 2005. Mesozoic Alpine facies deposition as a result of past latitudinal plate motion. Nature 434: 59-63.

·Myers, R. A., and B. Worm. 2003. Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities. Nature 423: 280-83.

·Mysak, L. A. 2001. Patterns of Arctic circulation. Science 293: 1269-70. ABS: Review article for Gobeil, 2001.

·Mysterud, A., N. C. Stenseth, N. G. Yoccoz, R. Langatn, and G. Steinheims. 2001. Nonlinear effects of large-scale climatic variability on wild and domestic herbivores. Nature 410: 1096-99.

·Nadis, S. 2003. The cells that rule the seas. Scientific American 289: 52-53.

·Naeem, S. 1999. Power behind diversity's throne. Nature 409: 653-54. ABS: Review article for Sankaran and McNaughton, 1999.

·Naeem, S., and A. C. Baker. 2005. Paradise sustained. Nature 433: 370-71.

·Nagata, T. 2000. Production mechanisms of dissolved organic matter. In Kirchman, D. L., ed. 2000. Microbial Ecology of the Oceans. John Wiley and Sons: New York, p. 121-52.

·Nagourney, E. 2002. Climate change: Something to sneeze at. New York Times (March 26, 2002): D7.

·Naish, T. R., K. J. Woolfe, P. J. Barrett, G S. Wilson, C. Atkins, S. M. Bohaty, C. J. Bücker, M. Claps, F. J. Davey, G. B. Dunbar, A. G. Dunn, C. R. Fielding, F. Florindo, M. J. Hannah, D. M. Harwood, S. A. Henrys, L. A. Krissek, M. Lavell, J. van der Meer, W. C. McIntosh, F. Niessen, S. Passchier, R. D. Powell, A. P. Roberts, L. Sagnotti, R. P. Scherer, C. P. Strong, F. Talarico, K. L. Verosub, G. Villa, D. K. Watkins, P.-N. Webb, and T. Wonik. 2001. Orbitally induced oscillations in the East Antarctic ice sheet at the Oligocene/Miocene boundary. Nature 413: 719-23.

·Nakagawa, T., H. Kitagawa, Y. Yasuda, P. E. Tarasov, K. Nishida, K. Gotanda, Y. Sawai, and Yangtze River Civilization Program Members. 2003. Asynchronous climate changes in the North Atlantic and Japan during the last termination. Science 299: 688-91.

·Naqvi, S. W. A., D. A. Jayakumar, P. V. Narvekar, H. Naik, V. V. S. S. Sarma, W. D'Souza, S. Joseph, and M. D. George. 2000. Increased marine production of N2O due to intensifying anoxia on the Indian continental shelf. Nature 408: 346-49. ABS: Reviewed by Bange, 2000.

·Narasimhan, T. N. 2003. A dilemma: Adapt to nature's constraint or subdue the Earth? Eos 84: 411.

·Narbonne, G. M. 2004. Modular construction of Early Ediacaran complex life forms. Science 305: 1141-43. ABS: Reviewed by Brasier and Antcliffe, 2004

·Nathan, L. 1980. Dear Blood. University of Pittsburgh Press: Pittsburgh, PA. NOTE: I thank the poet himself for this wonderful poem; my former mentor, Robert Hass, for his selection of this poem -- as well as all the others -- for the Berkeley Poetry Walk, where I discovered it; and the City of Berkeley, which had the civic and cultural vision to put poetry on its sidewalks.

·Nee, S. 2004. More than meets the eye. Nature 429: 804-05.

·Neff, U., S. J. Burns, A. Mangini, M. Mudelsee, D. Fleitmann, and A. Matter. 2001. Strong coherence between solar variability and the monsoon in Oman between 9 and 6 kyr ago. Nature 411: 290-93.

·Nelson, F. E. 2003. (Un)frozen in time. Science 299: 1673-75.

·Nemani, R. H., C. D. Keeling, H. Hashimoto, W. M. Jolly, S. C. Piper, C. J. Tucker, R. B. Myneni, and S. W. Running. 2003. Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982-1999. Science 300: 1560-63.

·Newell, N. D., J. K. Rigby, A. G. Fischer, A. J. Whiteman, J. E. Hickox, and J. S. Bradley. 1953. The Permian Reef Complex of the Guadalupe Mountains Region, Texas and New Mexico: A Study in Paleoecology. W. H. Freeman & Company: San Francisco.

·Newhall, C. G., J. A. Power, and R. S. Punongbayan. 2002. "To make grow." Science 295: 1241-42.

·Newman, D. K. 2001. How bacteria respire minerals. Science 292: 1312-13. ABS: Review article for Lower, 2001 (didn't copy).

·Newman, D.K., and J. F. Banfield. 2002. Geomicrobiology: How Molecular-scale interactions underpin Biogeochemical systems. Science 296: 1071-77.

·Ni, S., and D. R. Boone. 1993. Catabolism of dimethylsulfide and methane thiol by methylotrophic methanogens. In Oremland, 1993, p. 796-811.

·Nicholls, H. 2004. Sink or swim. Nature 432: 12-14.

·Nielsen, J. K., and Y. Shen. 2004. Evidence for sulfidic deep water during the Late Permian in the East Greenland Basin. Geology 32: 1037-40.

·Niemann, H., T. Lösekann, D. d. Beer, M. Elvert, T. Nadalig, K. Knittel, R. Amann, E. J. Sauter, M. Schlüter, M. Klages, J. P. Foucher, and A. Boetius. 2006. Novel microbial communities of the Haakon Mosby mud volcano and their role as a methane sink. Nature 443: 854-58.

·Nisbet, E. 1990. Climate change and methane. Nature 347: 23.

·Nisbet, E. 2006. Methane humour hides serious issues, argues a geologist. Nature 444: 5.

·Nisbet, E. G. 1990. The end of the ice age. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27: 148-57.

·Nisbet, E. G. 1992. Sources of atmospheric CH4 in early postglacial time. Journal of Geophysical Research 97D12: 12,859-67.

·Nitecki, M. H., ed. 1984. Extinctions. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago, London.

·Noffke, N., K. A. Eriksson, R. M. Hazen, and E. L. Simpson. 2006. A new window into Early Archean life: Microbial mats in Earth's oldest siliciclastic tidal deposits (3.2 Ga Moodies Group, South Africa). Geology 34: 253-56.

·Noffke, N., R. Hazen, and N. Nhleko. 2003. Earth's earliest microbial mats in a siliciclastic marine environment (2.9 Ga Mozaan Group, South Africa). Geology 31: 673-76.

·Nogueira, A. C. R., C. Riccomini, A. N. Sial, C. A. V. Moura, and T. R. Fairchild. 2003. Soft-sediment deformation at the base of the Neoproterozoic Puga cap carbonate (southwestern Amazon craton, Brazil): Confirmation of rapid icehouse to greenhouse transition in snowball Earth. Geology 31: 613-16.

·Noor, M. A. F. 2003. Genes to make new species. Nature 423: 699-700.

·Nordhaus, W. D. 2001. Global warming economics. Science 294: 1283-84.

·Normile, D. 2000. Reef migrations, bleaching effects stir the air in Bali. Science 290: 1282-83.

·Normile, D., and R. A. Kerr. 2003. A sea change in ocean drilling. Science 300: 410-12.

·Norris, D. J. 2007. Silicon life forms. Nature 446: 146-47.

·Norris, R. D., and U. Rohl. 1999. Carbon cycling and chronology of climate warming during the Palaeocene-Eocene transition. Nature 401: 775-78.

·Norris, R. D., J. Firth, J. S. Blusztajn, and G. Ravizza. 2000. Mass failure of the North Atlantic margin triggered by the Cretaceous-Paleogene bolide impact. Geology 28: 1119-22.

·North Greenland Ice Core Project members: Andersen, K. K., N. Azuma, J.-M. Barnola, M. Bigler, P. Biscaye, N. Caillon, J. Chappellaz, H. B. Clausen, D. Dahl-Jensen, H. Fischer, J. Flückiger, D. Fritzsche, Y. Fujii, K. Goto-Azuma, K. Grønvold, N. S. Gundestrup, M. Hansson, C. Huber, C. S. Hvidberg, S. J. Johnsen, U. Jonsell, J. Jouzel, S. Kipfstuhl, A. Landais, M. Leuenberger, R. Lorrain, V. Masson-Delmotte, H. Miller, H. Motoyama, H. Narita, T. Popp, S. O. Rasumussen, D. Raynaud, R. Rothlisberger, U. Ruth, D. Samyn, J. Schwander, H. Shoji, M.-L. Siggard-Andersen, J. P. Steffensen, T. Stocker, A. E. Sveinbjörnsdóttir, A. Svensson, M. Takata, J.-L. Tison, Th. Thorsteinsson, O. Watanabe, F. Wilhelms, and J. W. C. White. 2004. High-resolution record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period. Nature 431: 147-51. ABS: Reviewed by Cuffey, 2004.

·Nosengo, N. 2003. Fertilized to death. Nature 425: 894-95.

·Nothdurft, L. D., G. E. Webb, N. A. Buster, C. W. Holmes, and J. E. Sorauf, and J. T. Kloprogge. 2005. Brucite microenvironments in shallow-marine settings. Geology 33: 169-72.

·Nothdurft, L. D., G. E. Webb, N. A. Buster, C. W. Holmes, J. E. Sorauf, and J. T. Kloprogge. 2005. Brucite microbialites in living coral skeletons: Indicators of extreme microenvironments in shallow-marine settings. Geology 33: 169-72.

·Notholt, J., Z. Kuang, C. P. Rinsland, G. C. Toon, M. Rex, N. Jones, T. Albrecht, H. Deckelmann, J. Krieg, C. Weinzierl, H. Bingemer, R. Weller, and O. Schrems. 2003. Enhanced upper tropical tropospheric COS: Impact on the Stratospheric Aerosol layer. Science 300: 307-10.

·Nott, J., and M. Hayne. 2001. High frequency of 'super-cyclones' along the Great Barrier Reef over the past 5,000 years. Nature 413: 508-12.

·Nunes, F., and R. D. Norris. 2006. Abrupt reversal in ocean overturning during the Palaeocene/Eocene warm period. Nature 439: 60-63.

·O'Hanlon, L. 2002. Atmospheric science: Making waves. Nature 415: 360-62.

·O'Reilly, C. M., S. R. Alin, P.-D. Plisnier, A. S. Cohen, and B. A. McKee. 2003. Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa. Nature 424: 766-68.

·Obersteiner, M., CH. Azar, P. Kauppi, K. Möllersten, J. Moreira, S. Nilsson, P. Read, K. Riahi, B. Schlamadinger, Y. Yamagata, J. Yan, and J.-P. Van Ypersele. 2001. Managing climate risk. Science 294: 786-87.

·Odling-Smee, L. 2007. Biofuels bandwagon hits a rut. Nature 446: 483.

·Odling-Smee, L. 2007. Letting the light in on Antarctic ecosystems. Nature 446: 9. ABS: Collapse of Larson ice shelves allows look at deep Antarctic biota.

·ODP Leg 164 Shipboard Scientific Party. 1996. Methane gas drilled at Blake Ridge. Eos 77: 219.

·Oerlemans, J. H. 2005. Extracting a Climate Signal from 169 Glacier Records. Science: doi: 10.1126/science.1107046

·Ogawa, H., Y. Amagai, I. Koike, K. Kaiser, and R. Benner. 2001. Production of refractory dissolved organic matter by bacteria. Science 292: 917-20.

·Ohfuchi, W., H. Sasaki, Y. Masumoto, and H. Nakamura. 2005. Mesocale Resolving simulations of the global atmosphere and ocean on the Earth Simulator. Eos 86: 45-46.

·Okazaki, R., N. Takaoka, K. Nagao, M. Sekiya, and T. Nakamura. 2001. Noble-gas-rich chondrules in an enstatie meteorite. Nature 412: 795-98. ABS: Reviewed by Lee, 2001.

·Olcott, A. N., A. L. Sessions, F. A. Corsetti, A. J. Kaufman, T. Flavio de Oliviera. 2005. Biomarker evidence for photosynthesis during Neoproterozoic glaciation. Science 310: 471-74.

·Olsen, P. E. 1999. Giant lava flows, mass extinctions, and mantle plumes. Science 284: 604-05.

·Olsen, P. E., D. V. Kent, H.-D. Sues, C. Koeberl, H. Huber, A. Montanari, E. C. Rainforth, S. J. Fowell, M. J. Szajna, and B. W. Hartline. 2002. Ascent of dinosaurs linked to an iridium anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary. Science 296: 1305-07.

·Olsson, R. K., K. G. Miller, J. V. Browning, D. Habib, and P. J. Sugarman. 1997. Ejecta layer at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, Bass River, New Jersey (Ocean Drilling Program Leg 174AX). Geology 25: 759-62.

·Olszewski, T. D., and D. H. Erwin. 2004. Dynamic responses of Permian brachipod communities to long-term environmental change. Nature 428: 738-41.

·Oppo, D. W., J. F. McManus, and J. L. Cullen. 2003. Deepwater variability in the Holocene epoch. Nature 422: 277-78.

·Orchard, M. J., W. W. Nassichuk, and L. Rui. 1994. Conodonts from the lower Griesbachiian Otoceras latilobatum bed of Selong, Tibet and the position of the Permian-Triassic boundary. In Embry, 1994, p. 823-43.

·Oreopoulos, L., A. Marshak, R. F. Cahalan, A. B. Davis, and A. Macke. 2006. New directions in the radiative transfer of cloudy atmospheres. Eos 87: 52.

·Oreskes, N. 2004. The scientific consenus on climate change. Science 306: 1686.

·Orr, J. C., V. J. Fabry, O. Aumont, L. Bopp, S. C. Doney, R. A. Feely, A. Gnanadesikan, N. Gruber, A. Ishida, F. Joos, R. M. Key, K. Lindsay, E. Maier-Reimer, R. Matear, P. Monfray, A. Mouchet, R. G. Najjar, G.-K. Plattner, K. B. Rodgers, C. L. Sabine, J. L. Sarmiento, R. Schlitzer, R. D. Slater, I. J. Totterdell, M-F. Weirig, Y. Yamanaka, and A. Yool. 2005. Anthropgenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437: 681-86.

·Osborn, T. J., and K. R. Briffa. 2004. The real color of climate change? Science 306: 621-22.

·Osborn, T. J., and K. R. Briffa. 2006. The spatial extent of 20th-century warmth in the context of the past 1200 years. Science 311: 841-44.

·Oschmann, W. 2000. Microbes and black shales. In Riding and Awramik, 2000, p. 137-48.

·Overland, J. E., and K. Wood. 2003. Accounts from 19th-century Canadian Arctic explorer's logs reflect present climate conditions. Eos 84: 410, 412.

·Overland, J. E., and M. Wang. 2007. Future climate of the North Pacific ocean. Eos 88: 178, 182.

·Overland, J. E., and P. J. Stabeno. 2004. Is the climate of the Bering Sea warming and affecting the ecosystem? Eos 85: 309-10, 312.

·Overpeck, J. T. 2000. The hole record. Nature 403: 714-15. ABS: Review article for Huang, 2000.

·Ozanne, C. M. P., D. Anhuf, S. L. Boulter, M. Keller, R. L. Kitching, C. Körner, C. Meinzer, A. W. Mitchell, T. Nakashizuka, P. L. Silva Dias, N. E. Stork, S. J. Wright, and M. Yoshimura. 2003. Biodiversity meets the atmosphere a global view of forest canopies. Science 301: 183-86.

·Pacala, S. W., E. Bulte, J. A. List, and S. A. Levin. 2003. False alarm over environmental false alarms. Science 301: 1187-88.

·Pacala, S. W., G. C. Hurtt, D. Baker, P. Peylin, R. A. Houghton, R. A. Birdsey, L. Heath, E. T. Sundquist, R. F. Stallard, P. Ciais, P. Moorcroft, J. P. Caspersen, E. Shevliakova, B. Moore, G. Kohlmaier, E. Holland, M. Gloor, M. E. Harmon, S.-M. Fan, J. L. Sarmiento, C. L. Goodale, D. Schimel, and C. B. Field. 2001. Consistent land- and atmosphere-based U.S. carbon sink estimates. Science 292: 2316-20. ABS: Reviewed by Wofsy, 2001.

·Padden, M., H. Weissert, and M. de Rafelis. 2001. Evidence for Late Jurassic release of methane from gas hydrate. Geology 29: 223-26. ABS: Oxfordian (159-154 Ma). [···COMPLETE···]

·Pagani, M., J. C. Zachos, K. H. Freeman, B. Tipple, and S. Bohaty. 2005. Marked decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations during the Paleogene. Science 309: 600-03.

·Page, S. E., F. Siegert, J. O. Rieley, H-D. V. Boehm, A. Jaya, and S. Limin. 2002. The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997. Nature 420: 61-5.

·Pahnke, K., and R. Zahn. 2005. Southern Hemisphere water mass conversion linked with North Atlantic climate variability. Science 307; 1741-46.

·Pahnke, K., R. Zahn, H. Elderfield, and M. Schulz. 2003. 340,000-Year Centennial-scale marine record of southern hemisphere climatic oscillation. Science 301: 948-52.

·Paillard, D. 2001. Glacial hiccups. Nature 409: 147-48. ABS: Review article for Ganopolski and Rahmstorf, 2001.

·Paillard, D. 2006. What drives the ice age cycle? Science 313: 455-56. ABS: Review of Raymo, 2006.

·Pálfy, J., A Demény, J. Haas, M. Hetényi, M. J. Orchard, and I. Vetö. 2001. Carbon isotope anomaly and other geochemical changes at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary from a marine section in Hungary. Geology 29: 1047-50.

·Pálfy, J., and P. L. Smith. 2000. Synchrony between early Jurassic extinction, oceanic anoxic event, and the Karoo-Ferrar flood basalt volcanism. Geology 28: 747-50.

·Pálfy, J., J. K. Mortensen, E. S. Carter, P. L. Smith, R. M. Friedman, and H. W. Tipper. 2000. Timing the end-Triassic mass extinction: First on land, then in the sea? Geology 28: 39-42.

·Pälike, H., R. D. Norris, J. O. Herrle, P. A. Wilson, H. K. Coxall, C. H. Lear, N. J. Shackleton, A. K. Tripati, and B. S. Wade. 2006. The hearbeat of the Oligocene climate system. Science 314: 1894-98.

·Pallé, E., P. R. Goode, and P. Montañés-Rodriguez. 2006. Can Earth's albedo and surface temperatures increase together? Eos 87: 37, 43.

·Palmer, M. W. 2006. Letter on biofuels (Reponse to Ragauskas, 2006). Science 312: 1745.

·Palmer, T. N. 2005. More power needed to probe cloud systems (letter). Nature 434: 271.

·Palmer, T. N., and J. Räisänen. 2002. Quantifying the risk of extreme seasonal precipitation events in a changing climate. Nature 415: 512-14. ABS: Reviewed by Schnur, 2002.

·Palter, J. B., M. S. Lozier, and R. T. Barber. 2005. The effect of advection on the nutrient reservoir in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Nature 437: 687-92. ABS: Reviewed by Lévy, 2005.

·Palumbi, S. R. 2001. Humans as the world's greatest evolutinary force. Science 293: 1786-790.

·Palumbi, S. R. 2005. Germ theory for ailing corals. Nature 434: 713-15.

·Pandolfi, J. M., J. B. C. Jackson, N. Baron, R. H. Bradbury, H. M. Guzman, T. P. Hughes, C. V. Kappel, F. Micheli, J. C. Ogden, H. P. Possingham, and E. Sala. 2005. Are U.S. coral reefs on the slippery slope to slime? Science 307: 1725-26.

·Pandolfi, J. M., R. H. Bradbury, E. Sala, T. P. Hughes, K. A. Bjorndal, R. G. Cooke, D. McArdle, L. McClenachan, M. J. H. Newman, G. Paredes, R. R. Warner, and J. B. C. Jackson. 2003. Global trajectories of the long-term decline of coral reef ecosystems. Science 301: 955-58.

·Panzeca, C., A. Tovar-Sanchez, S. Agusti, I. Reche, C. M. Duarte, G. T. Taylor, and S. A. Sañudo-Wilhelmy. 2006. B vitamins as regulators of phytoplankton dynamics. Eos 87: 593, 596.

·Papke, R. T., J. E. Koenig, F. Rodríguez-Valera, and W. F. Doolittle. 2004. Frequent recombination in a saltern population of Halorubrum. Science 306: 1928-29.

·Parker, D. E. 2004. Large-scale warming is not urban. Nature 432: 290.

·Parkers, R. J., G. Webster, B. A. Cragg, A. J. Weightman, C. J. Newberry, T. G. Ferdelman, J. Kallmeyer, B. B. Jørgensen, I. W. Aiello, and J. C. Fry. 2005. Deep sub-seafloor prokaryotes stimulated at interfaces over geological time. Nature 436: 390-94.

·Parmesan, C., and G. Yohe. 2003. A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature 421: 37-42.

·Parniske, M. 2005. Cue for the branching connection. Nature 435: 750-51.

·Parrish, J. T. 1993. Climate of the supercontinent Pangea. Journal of Geology 101: 215- 33.

·Parsell, D. 2004. Compost reduces landfill gas. Science News 166: 173.

·Parton, W., W. L. Silver, I. C. Burke, L. Grassens, M. E. Harmon, W. S. Currie, J. Y. King, E. C. Adair, L. A. Brandt, S. C. Hart, and B. Fasth. 2007. Global-scale similarities in nitrogen release patterns during long-term decomposition. Science 315: 361-64.

·Patel, S. S. 2006. A sinking feeling. Nature 440: 734-36.

·Paterson, W. S. B., and N. Reeh. 2001. Thinning of the ice sheet in northwest greenland over the past forty years. Nature 414: 60-2.

·Patterson, W. 2001. Working towards a sustainable future. Science 294: 1287-88.

·Patz, J. A., D. Campbell-Lendrum, T. Holloway, and J. A. Foley. 2005. Impact of regional climate change on human health. Nature 438: 310-17.

·Patzek, T. W. 2006. Letter on biofuels (Response to Farrell, 2006). Science 312: 1747.

·Patzkowsky, M. E., L. M. Slupik, M. A. Arthur, R. D. Pancost, and K. H. Freeman. 1997. Late middle Ordovician environmental change and extinction: Harbinger of the late Ordovician or continuation of Cambrian patterns? Geology 25: 911-14.

·Paul, F. 2002. Combined technologies allow rapid analysis of glacial changes. Eos 83: 253, 260-61.

·Paull, C. K., and W. P. Dillon, eds. 2001. Natural Gas Hydrates: Occurrence, Distribution, and Detection. American Geophysical Union: Washington, DC.

·Paull, C. K., and W. P. Dillon, eds. 2001. Natural gas hydrates: Occurrence, distribution, and detection. AGU Monograph 124 (American Geophysical Union: Washington, D. C.). [QE500.A5 no.124] [Have index]

·Paull, C. K., W. J. Beulow, W. Ussler III, and W. S. Borowski. 1996. Increased continental slumping frequency during sea-level lowstands above gas hydrate-bearing sediments. Geology 24: 143-46.

·Paull, C. K., W. Ussler III, W. S. Borowski, and F. N. Speiss. 1995. Methane-rich plumes on the Carolina continental rise: Association with gas hydrates. Geology 23: 89-92.

·Paull, C. K., W. Ussler, and W. P. Dillon. 1991. Is the extent of glaciation limited by marine gas-hydrates? Geophysical Research Letters 18: 432-34.

·Paull, R. K., and R. A. Paull. 1997. Transgressive conodont faunas of the early Triassic: An opportunity for correlation in the Tethys and the circum-Pacific. In Dickins, J. M., ed. 1997. Late Palaeozoic and Early Mesozoic Circum-Pacific Events and Their Global Correlation. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, New York), p. 158-67.

·Pauly, D. 2004. Much rowing for fish. Nature 432: 813-14.

·Pavlov, A. A., M. T. Hurtgen, J. F. Kasting, and M. A. Arthur. 2003. Methane-rich Proterozoic atmosphere? Geology 31: 87-90.

·Pavlov, A., J. F. Kasting, J. L. Eigenbrode, and K. H. Freeman. 2001. Organic haze in Earth's early atmosphere: Source of low-13C late Archean kerogens? Geology 29: 1003-6.

·Pawlowska, T. E., and J. W. Taylor. 2004. Organization of genetic variation in individuals of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nature 427: 733-37.

·Payne, J. L., D. J. Lehrmann, J. Wei, M. J. Orchard, D. P. Schrag, and A. H. Knoll. 2004. Large perturbations of the carbon cycle during recovery from the end-Permian extinction. Science 305: 506-09.

·Paytan, A. 2000. Iron uncertainty. Nature 406: 468-69. ABS: Review article for Loubere, 2000.

·Paytan, A., M. Kastner, and F. P. Chavez. 1996. Glacial to interglacial fluctuations in productivity in the equatorial Pacific as indicated by marine barite. Science 274: 1355-57.

·Paytan, A., M. Kastner, D. Campbell, and M. H. Thiemens. 1998. Sulfur Isotopic Composition of Cenozoic Seawater Sulfate. Science 282: 1459-62.

·Paytan, A., M. Kastner, D. Campbell, and M. H. Thiemens. 2004. Seawater sulfur isotope fluctuations in the Cretaceous. Science 304: 1663-65.

·Pearson, D. A., T. Schaefer, K. R. Johnson, and D. J. Nichols. 2001. Palynologically calibrated vertebrate record from North Dakota consistent with abrupt dinosaur extinction at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Geology 29: 39-42.

·Pearson, P. N., and M. R. Palmer. 1999a. Middle Eocene seawater pH and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Science 284: 1824-26.

·Pearson, P. N., and M. R. Palmer. 1999b. Seawater pH and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Science 286: 2043a. ABS: Response to Comments by Caldeira and Berner, 1999, and Sundquist, 1999.

·Pearson, P. N., and M. R. Palmer. 2000. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years. Nature 406: 695-99.

·Pearson, P. N., B. E. v. Dongen, C. J. Nicholas, R. D. Pancost, S. Schouten, J. M. Singano, and B. S. Wade. 2007. Stable warm tropical climate through the Eocene Epoch. Geology 35: 211-14.

·Pearson, P. N., P. W. Ditchfield, J. Singano, K. G. Harcourt-Brown, C. J. Nicholas, R. K. Olsson, N. J. Shackleton, and M. A. Hall. 2001. Warm tropical sea surface temperatures in the late Cretaceous and Eocene epochs. Nature 413: 481-87. ABS: Reviewed by Kump, 2001.

·Pecher, I. A. 2002. Gas hydrates on the brink. Nature 420: 622-23. ABS: Review of Wood, 2002.

·Pedrós-Alió, C. 2007. Dipping into the rare biosphere. Science 315: 192-93.

·Peeters, F. J. C., R. Acheson, G.-J. A. Brummer, W. P. M. de Ruijter, R. R. Schneider, G. M. Ganssen, E. Ufkes, and D. Kroom. 2004. Vigorous exchange between the Indian and Atlantic oceans at the end of the past five glacial periods. Nature 430: 661-65.

·Peng, S., J. Huang, J. E. Sheehy, R. C. Laza, R. M. Visperas, X. Zhong, G. S. Centeno, G. S. Khush, and K. G. Cassman. 2004. Rice yields decline with higher night temperature from global warming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101: 9971-9975; (doi) 10.1073/pnas.0403720101.

·Penner, J. E. 2004. The cloud conundrum. Nature 432: 962-63. ABS: Review of Ackerman, 2004.

·Penner-Hahn, J. E., and C. F. Yocum. 2005. The photosynthesis "oxygen clock" gets a new number. Science 310: 982-83.

·Pennise, D. M., K. R. Smith, J. P. Kithinji, M. E. Rezende, T. J. Raad, J. Zhang, and C. Fan. 2001. Emissions of greenhouse gases and other airborne pollutants from charcoal making in Kenya and Brazil. Journal of Geophysical Research 106 (D): 24.143-55.

·Pennisi, E. 2001. A molecular approach to mushroom hunting. Science 293:1027-28. ABS: Review article for Heckman, 2001.

·Pennisi, E. 2001. Early birds may miss the worms. Science 291: 2532. ABS: Review article for Thomas, 2001.

·Pennisi, E. 2001. Sequences reveal borrowed genes. Science 294: 1634-35.

·Pennisi, E. 2002. Bacteria shared photosynthesis genes. Science 298: 1538-39. ABS: Review of Raymond, 2002.

·Pennisi, E. 2002. Geobiologists: As diverse as the bugs they study. Science 296: 1058-60.

·Pennisi, E. 2002. Survey confirms coral reefs are in peril. Science 297: 1622-23.

·Pennisi, E. 2003. Fast friends, sworn enemies. Science 302: 774-75.

·Pennisi, E. 2003. Passages found through labyrinth of bacterial evolution. Science 301: 745. ABS: Review of Daubin, 2003.

·Pennisi, E. 2004. DNA reveals diatom's complexity. Science 306: 31.

·Pennisi, E. 2004. Naturalists' surveys show that British butterflies are going, going...Science 303: 1747. ABS: Review of Thomas, 2004.

·Pennisi, E. 2004. The birth of the nucleus. Science 305: 766-68.

·Pennisi, E. 2004. The secret life of fungi. Science 304: 1620-22.

·Pennisi, E., J. Smith, and R. Stone. 2007. Momentous changes at the poles. Science 315: 1513.

·Percy, K. E., C. S. Awmack, R. L. Lindroth, M. E Kubiske, B. J. Kopper, J. G. Isebrands, K. S. Pregitzer, G. R. Hendrey, R. E. Dickson, D. R. Zak, E. Okasanen, J. Sober, R. Harrington, and D. F. Karnosky. 2002. Altered performance of forest pests under atmospheres enriched by CO2 and O3. Nature 420: 403-7.

·Perkins, S. 2000. Can banking carbon cool the greenhouse. Science News 158: 396-98.

·Perkins, S. 2000. Listening to fish for extinction clues. Science News 158: 287. ABS: Review article for Ivany, L. C., Nature, October 19, 2000.

·Perkins, S. 2000. Newfound gas is greenhouse powerhouse. Science News 158: 70. ABS: Review article for Sturges, W. T., Science, July 28, 2000.

·Perkins, S. 2001. A quick recovery after dinosaur deaths. Science News 159: 189. ABS: Review article for Mukhopadhyay, S., Science, March 9, 2001.

·Perkins, S. 2001. Amazon forest could disappear, soon. Science News 160: 24.

·Perkins, S. 2001. Antarctic sediments muddy climate debate. Science News 160: 150.

·Perkins, S. 2001. Charcoal warms the whole world. Science News 160: 383. ABS: Review article for Smith, K. R., Journal of Geophysical Research, October 27, 2001.

·Perkins, S. 2001. Dust, the thermostat: How tiny airborne particles manipulate global climate. Science News 160: 200.

·Perkins, S. 2001. Forest-soil fungi emit gases that harm ozone layer. Science News 160: 389. ABS: Review article for Treseder, K. K., American Geophysical Union's fall 2001 meeting presentation. These are ectomycorrhizal fungi, which envelop tree roots.

·Perkins, S. 2001. Grape-harvest dates hold climate clues. Science News 160: 303. ABS: Review article for Souriau, A., Geophysical Research Letters, October 15, 2001.

·Perkins, S. 2001. Is there a vent in the global greenhouse? Science News 159: 150. ABS: Review article for Lindzen, R. S., Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, March, 2001.

·Perkins, S. 2001. Lowland tree loss threatens cloud forests. Science News 160: 245. ABS: Review article for Lawton, R. O., Science, October 19, 2001.

·Perkins, S. 2001. Marine plankton put nitrogen in a fix. Science News 160: 85. ABS: Review of Zehr, J. P., Nature, August 9, 2001.

·Perkins, S. 2001. New type of hydrothermal vent looms large. Science News 160: 21.

·Perkins, S. 2001. Pinning down the sun-climate connection. Science News 159: 45-47.

·Perkins, S. 2001. Satellites verify greenhouse-gas effects. Science News 159: 165. ABS: Review article for Brindley, H. E., Nature, March 15, 2001.

·Perkins, S. 2002. Bursting in Air: Satellites tally small asteroid hits. Science News 162: 323-24.

·Perkins, S. 2002. El Niño's coming! Is that so bad? Science News 161: 142. ABS: Review article for Adler, R. F., and Chagnon, D., source not indicated.

·Perkins, S. 2002. Extraterrestrial impacts transform Earth's surface in an instant. Science News 161: 378-80.

·Perkins, S. 2002. Fossil leaves yield extinction clues. Science News 162: 30. ABS: Review article for Beerling, D. J., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, June 11, 2002.

·Perkins, S. 2002. It's bottoms up for iron at sea's surface. Science News 161: 6. ABS: Review article for Filippelli, G. M., Paleoceanography, December 2001.

·Perkins, S. 2002. Long, dry spells: Lengthy droughts tied to long-lived La Niñas. Science News 162: 85-6.

·Perkins, S. 2002. Mangled microfossils may mark impact sites. [···CHECK this title···] Science News 161: 378-80. ABS: "A meteoroid -- an interplanetary object ranging in size from a dust grain up to a mountain -- needs to be at least the size of a child's marble to blaze all the way to the Earth's surface." Finding craters by their gravity and magnetic anomalies. Seismic shock produces enormous heat; impact melts may not fully cool for hundreds of thousands of years. "The team also found small spherules of glassy material in sediments all around the proposed impact site. The tiny orbs ranged up to 200 micrometers in diameter, a size characteristic of those produced by meteorites that create craters 55 km or more across."

·Perkins, S. 2002. Outside-in: Clearing up how cloud droplets freeze. Science News 162: 340. ABS: Review article for Tabazadeh, A., (upcoming) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

·Perkins, S. 2002. Presto, Change-O! Extraterrestrial impacts transform Earth's surface in an instant. Science News 161: 378-80.

·Perkins, S. 2002. Rain forest primeval? Colorado fossils show unexpected diversity. Science News 161: 403. ABS: Review article for Johnson, K. R., Science, June 28, 2002.

·Perkins, S. 2002. Shifting sands: Dunes hold heaps of material-and climate clues, too. Science News 162: 248-50.

·Perkins, S. 2002. Solving hazy mysteries: New research plumbs the chemical evolution and climatic effect of aerosols. Science News 162: 360-61.

·Perkins, S. 2002. Space rocks' demo job: Asteroids, not comets, pummeled early Earth. Science News 161: 147-48. ABS: Review article for Kring, D. A., Journal of Geophysical Research-Planets, February 28, 2002.

·Perkins, S. 2002. West Coast Shimmy: Smack from space triggered landslides along Pacific Coast. Science News 162: 67-68. ABS: Review article for Yip, G., Geology, August 2002.

·Perkins, S. 2003. Alaska in the ice age: Was it bluegrass country? Science News 163: 408.

·Perkins, S. 2003. Ancient wood points to Arctic greenhouse. Science News 163: 317. ABS: Review of Jahren, A. H., Geology, May, 2003.

·Perkins, S. 2003. Electronic Jetsam. Science News 163: 75-6.

·Perkins, S. 2003. Kilauea: 20 years on, it's still erupting. Science News 163: 78.

·Perkins, S. 2003. Long-term ocean venting. Science News 164: 52. ABS: Review of Früh-Green, 2003.

·Perkins, S. 2003. More Arctic clouds may lessen warming. Science News 163: 189-90.

·Perkins, S. 2003. On thinning ice. Science News 164: 215-16.

·Perkins, S. 2003. Protective blanket: Atmosphere blocks many small stony asteroids. Science News 164: 36-37. ABS: Review of Bland and Artemieva, 2003.

·Perkins, S. 2003. Saltier water. Science News 164: 101.

·Perkins, S. 2003. Slow turnover. Science News 163: 404-05. ABS: Review of Verburg, 2003.

·Perkins, S. 2003. Spring forward: Warmer climates accelerate life cycles of plants, animals. Science News 163: 152.

·Perkins, S. 2003. Sulfur studies: Early Earth's air was oxygen-poor. Science News 163: 3-4. ABS: Review article for Thiemens, M. H., Science, December 20, 2002, and for Canfield, D. E., Science, December 20, 2002.

·Perkins, S. 2004. Air held oxygen early on. Science News 165: 61.

·Perkins, S. 2004. Ancient atmosphere was productive. Science News 164: 286.

·Perkins, S. 2004. Blame the sea? Science News 164: 278.

·Perkins, S. 2004. Change in the weather? Science News 166: 246.

·Perkins, S. 2004. Cool harvest. Science News 166: 163-64.

·Perkins, S. 2004. Dead heat. Science News 166: 11-12.

·Perkins, S. 2004. Deep Pacific waters warmed in recent years. Science News 165: 173-74.

·Perkins, S. 2004. Extra rainfall may stem warming in Midwest. Science News 166: 253.

·Perkins, S. 2004. Finding a missing link. Science News 166: 117-18.

·Perkins, S. 2004. Global warming won't boost carbon storage in tundra. Science News 166: 238.

·Perkins, S. 2004. Killer waves. Science News 165: 152-54.

·Perkins, S. 2004. Lowering the boom? Science News 165: 150.

·Perkins, S. 2004. North and south. Science News 166: 133.

·Perkins, S. 2004. Scooting on a wet bottom. Science News 165: 54. ABS: Review of Elverhøi, 2004. (in JGR-Oceans, upcoming.)

·Perkins, S. 2004. Sea change. Science News 166: 35. ABS: Review of Feely, 2004, and Sabine, 2004.

·Perkins, S. 2004. Warmer climate, decreased rice yield. Science News 166: 29.

·Perkins, S. 2004. Warming climate may slam many species. Science News 165: 62.

·Perkins, S. 2004. What's wrong with this picture? Science News 166: 250-52.

·Perkins, S. 2005. Alpine glaciers on a hasty retreat. Science News 167: 13.

·Perkins, S. 2005. Antarctica's gaining ice in some spots. Science News 168: 13.

·Perkins, S. 2005. Beyond the ABC's. Science News 168: 406.

·Perkins, S. 2005. Changes in the air. Science News 168: 395-96.

·Perkins, S. 2005. Glacial change: Greenland's ice loss doubled in 2005. Science News 168: 387.

·Perkins, S. 2005. Great river cycles carbon quickly. Science News 168: 93.

·Perkins, S. 2005. Growth slumps: Melting permafrost shapes Alaskan lakes. Science News 168: 21.

·Perkins, S. 2005. Hidden canyons. Science News 167: 9-11.

·Perkins, S. 2005. Icy heat. Science News 167: 373-74.

·Perkins, S. 2005. Muddy waters: More sediment is entering rivers, but less makes its way to the sea. Science News 167: 328-29.

·Perkins, S. 2005. Ozone hole might not recover until the year 2065. Science News 168: 418.

·Perkins, S. 2005. The browning of Europe. Science News 168: 254.

·Perkins, S. 2005. Tsunami disaster. Science News 167: 19.

·Perkins, S. 2005. Warm spell. Science News 167: 148.

·Perkins, S. 2005. Wetland blanket: Volcanic sulfates may curb methane emission. Science News 167: 390.

·Perkins, S. 2006. 2005 was warmest year on record. Science News 169: 78.

·Perkins, S. 2006. Air conditioning could heat the world. Science News 170: 125.

·Perkins, S. 2006. Ancient hot spell is linked to copious carbon dioxide. Science News 170: 253.

·Perkins, S. 2006. Dim harvest. Science News 170: 374.

·Perkins, S. 2006. Dim view. Science News 170: 196-97.

·Perkins, S. 2006. Greenland glacial quakes becoming more common. Science News 169: 270.

·Perkins, S. 2006. Irony on high. Science News 170: 405-06.

·Perkins, S. 2006. Limited storage. Science News 169: 229.

·Perkins, S. 2006. Link between El Niños and droughts in India. Science News 170: 190.

·Perkins, S. 2006. Mystery of the missing heat. Science News 170: 213.

·Perkins, S. 2006. On the rise. Science News 170: 165.

·Perkins, S. 2006. Tiny bubbles: Oldest evidence yet for methane makers. Science News 169: 179.

·Perkins, S. 2006. Warming climate will slow ocean circulation. Science News 169: 77.

·Perkins, S. 2007. Dating a massive undersea slide. Science News 171: 14. ABS: Storegga: 8100 years before present

·Perkins, S. 2007. Electrode enhancements. Science News 171: 21-22.

·Perkins, S. 2007. Fits and starts. Science News 171: 202-04.

·Perkins, S. 2007. From bad to worse. Science News 171: 83.

·Perkins, S. 2007. Glaciers give major boost to sea level. Science News 171: 14.

·Perkins, S. 2007. High and dry. Science News 171: 149.

·Perkins, S. 2007. Not-so-perma frost. Science News 171: 154-56.

·Perkins, S. 2007. Warming sign? Science News 171: 118.

·Perlman, D. 2004. Meteorite crater tied to mass extinction "The Great Dying" was eons before death of dinosaurs. San Francisco Chronicle: www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/05/14/ ABS: Review of Becker, 2004.

·Perry, A. L., P. J. Low, J. R. Ellis, and J. D. Reynolds. 2005. Climate Change and Distribution Shifts in Marine Fishes. Science: 10.1126/science.1111322 (Science Express Reports)

·Peryt, T. M., A. Hoppe, T. Bechstädt, J. Köster, C. Pierre, and D. K. Richter. 1990. Late Proterozoic aragonitic cement crusts, Bambui Group, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Sedimentology 37: 279-86. [QE500 S43] ABS: about those strange (cap) carbonates that Knoll mentions

·Peters, R. B. and L. C. Sloan. 2000. High concentrations of greenhouse gases and polar stratospheric clouds: a possible solution to high-latitude faunal migration at the latest Paleocene thermal maximum. Geology 28: 979-82.

·Peters, S. E., and M. Foote. 2002. Determinants of extinction in the fossil record. Nature 416: 420-24.

·Peterson, A. Townsend, M. A. Orega-Huerta, J. Bartley, V. Sánchez-Cordero, J. Soberón, R. H. buddemier, and D. R. B. Stockwell. 2002. Future projections for Mexican faunas under global climate change scenarios. Nature 416: 626-29.

·Peterson, B. J., R. M. Holmes, J. W. McClelland, C. J. Vörösmarty, R. B. Lammers, A. I. Shiklomanov, I. A. Shiklomanov, and S. Rahmstorf. 2002. Increasing river discharge to the Arctic Ocean. Science 298: 2171-73. ABS: Reviewed by Stokstad, 2002.

·Peterson, L. C., G. H. Haug, K. A. Hughen, and U. Röhl. 2000. Rapid changes in the hydrologic cycle of the tropical Atlantic during the last glacial. Science 290: 1947-51. ABS: Reviewed by Labeyrie, 2000.

·Petit, C. 2005. Power struggle. Nature 438: 410-12.

·Petit, J. R., J. Jouzel, D. Raynaud, N. I. Barkov, J.-M. Barnola, I. Basile, M. Bender, J. Chappellaz, M. Davis, G. Delaygue, M. Delmotte, V. M. Kotlyakov, M. Lagrand, V. Y. Lipenkov, C. Lorius, L. Pépin, C. Ritz, E. Saltzman, and M. Stievenard. 1999. Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature 399: 429-36.

·Pfeiffer, T., and M. A. Nowak. 2006. All in the game. Nature 441: 583-84.

·Phillips, John. 1840. Palæozoic series. In Knight, C. 1833-43. The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge volume 17 London, p. 153-54. [AE5 .P4]

·Pickart, R. S., M. A. Spail, M. H. Ribergaard, G. W. K. Moore, and R. F. Milliff. 2003. Deep convection in the Irminger Sea forced by the Greenland tip jet. Nature 424: 152-56. ABS: Reviewed by Dickson, 2003.

·Pickrell, J. 2001. Scientists begin taming killer lake. Science 291: 965-67.

·Pickrell, J. 2002. Monsoon warning: Data hint at wet and blustery future. Science News 162: 54. ABS: Review article for Anderson, D. M., Science, July 26, 2002.

·Piechota, T., J. Timilsena, G. Tootle, and H. Hidalgo. 2004. The Western U.S. drought: How bad is it? Eos 85: 301, 304.

·Pielke, R. A., and T. N. Chase. 2004. Comment on "Contributions of anthropogenic and natural forcing to recent tropopause height changes". Science 303: 1771. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/303/5665/1771b.

·Pielke, R. A., Jr. 2005. Are there trends in hurricane destruction? Nature 438: doi: 10.1038/nature 04426 ABS: Response to Emanuel, 2005.

·Pielke, R. A., Sr. 2006. Land use and climate change. Science 310: 1625-26.

·Pierrehumbert, R. T. 2003. Counting the cost. Nature 422: 263.

·Pierrehumbert, R. T. 2004. Warming the world. Nature 432: 677.

·Pietri, Pedro. 1968? "Puerto Rican Obituary" from ¡Aqui se Habla Español! Stereo LP 1203 Discos Coqui: New York.

·Pilcher, H. 2005. Pipe dreams. Nature 437: 1227-28.

·Pilkey, O. H., and J. A. G. Cooper. 2004. Society and sea level rise. Science 303: 1781-2.

·Piltz, R. S. 2005. Toward a second U.S. national climate change assessment. Eos 86: 550-51.

·Pinet, P. 1992. Oceanography: An Introduction to the Planet Oceanus. West Publishing Company: St. Paul, MN.

·Pinet, P. R. 1992. Oceanography: an introduction to the Planet Oceanus. West Publishing: St. Paul, MN.

·Pinker, R. T., B. Zhang, and E. G. Dutton. 2005. Do satellites detect trends in surface solar radiation? Science 308: 850-54. ABS: Reviewed by Charlson, 2005; see also Wielicki, 2005.

·Piotrowski, A. M., S. L. Goldstein, S. R. Hemming, R. G. Fairbanks. 2005. Temporal relationships of carbon cycling and ocean circulation at glacial boundaries. Science 307: 1933-38. ABS:

·Piperno, D. R., and H.-D. Sues. 2005. Dinosaurs dined on grass. Science 310: 1126-28. ABS: Review of Prasad, 2005.

·Pittock, A. B. 2006. Are scientists underestimating climate change? Eos 87: 340.

·Plane, J. M. C., B. J. Murray, X. Chu, and C. S. Gardner. 2004. Removal of meteoric iron on polar mesospheric clouds. Science 304: 426-28. ABS: Reviewed by Hunten, 2004.

·Poag, C. W. 2002. Synimpact-postimpact transition inside Chesapeake Bay crater. Geology 30: 995-98.

·Pollack, H. N. 2007. Scientific uncertainty and public policy: Moving on without all the answers. GSA Today 17: 28-29.

·Pollack, H. N., S. Huang, and P.-Y. Shen. 1998. Climate change record in subsurface temperatures: A global perspective. Science 282: 279-81.

·Polyak, V. J., and Y. Asmerom. 2001. Late Holocene climate and cultural changes in the southwestern United States. Science 294: 149-51.

·Polyakov, I., D. Walsh, I. Dmitrenko, R. Colony, J. Hutchings, L. Timokhov, M. Johnson, and E. Carmack. 2003. A long-term circulation and water mass monitoring program for the Arctic Ocean. Eos 84: 281, 284-85.

·Pope, K. O. 2002. Impact dust not the cause of the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction. Geology 30: 99-102.

·Pope, M. C., and J. B. Steffen. 2003. Correction for "Widespread, prolonged late Middle to Late Ordovician upwelling in North America: a proxy record of glaciation?" Geology 31: 656.

·Pope, M. C., and J. B. Steffen. 2003. Widespread, prolonged late Middle to Late Ordovician upwelling in North America: a proxy record of glaciation? Geology 31: 63-66.

·Porder, S., K. M. A. Chan, and P. A. T. Higgins. 2004. Scientists must conquer reluctance to speak out (letter). Nature 431: 1036.

·Pörtner, H. O., and R. Knust. 2007. Climate change affects marine fishes through the oxygen limitation of thermal tolerance. Science 315: 95-97.

·Post, E., and M. C. Forchhammer. 2002. Synchronization of animal population dynamics by large-scale climate. Nature 420: 168-71.

·Potter, J., M. G. Siemann, and Mikhail Tsypukov. 2004. Large-scale carbon isotope fractionation in evaporites and the generation of extremely 13C-enriched methane. Geology 32: 533-36.

·Poulsen, C. J. 2003. Absence of runaway ice-albedo feedback in the Neoproterozoic. Geology 31: 473-76.

·Poulsen, C. J. 2004. A balmy Arctic. Nature 432: 814-15. ABS:

·Poulsen, C. J., R. T. Pierrehumbert, and R. L. Jacob. 2001. Impact of ocean dynamics on the simulation of the Neoproterozoic "snowball Earth". Geophysical Research Letters 28: 1575-78.

·Poulton, S. W., P. W. Fralick, and D. E. Canfield. 2004. The transition to a sulphidic ocean~1.84 billion years ago. Nature 431: 173-77.

·Pounds, J. A. 2001. Climate and amphibian declines. Nature 410: 639-40. ABS: Review article for Kiesecker, 2001.

·Pounds, J. A., and R. Puschendorf. 2004. Clouded futures. Nature 427: 107-09. ABS: Review of Thomas, 2004.

·Pounds, J. A., M. P. L. Fogden, and J. H. Campbell. 1999. Biological response to climate change on a tropical mountain. Nature 398: 611-15.

·Pounds, J. A., M. R. Bustamante, L. A. Coloma, J. A. Consuegra, M. P. L. Fogden, P. N. Foster, E. L. Marca, K. L. Masters, A. Merino-Viteri, R. Puschendorf, S. R. Ron, G. A. Sánchez-Azofeifa, C. J. Still, and B. E. Young. 2006. Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global warming. Nature 439: 161-67.

·Powlson, D. 2005. Will soil amplify climate change? Nature 433: 204-05. ABS: Review of Knorr, 2005.

·Prasad, N., and S. M. Roscoe. 1996. Evidence of anoxic to oxic atmospheric change during 2.45-2.22 Ga from lower and upper sub-Huronian paleosols, Canada. Catena 27: 105-21.

·Prasad, V., C. A. E. Strömberg, H. Alimohammadian, and A. Sahni. 2005. Dinosaur coprolites and the early evolution of grasses and grazers. Science 310: 1177-80. ABS: Reviewed by Piperno and Sues, 2005.

·Prather, M. J. 2003. An environmental experiment with H2? Science 302: 581-82. ABS: Review of Schultz, 2003.

·Prather, M., R. Derwent, D. Ehhalt, P. Fraser, E. Sanhueza, and X. Zhou. 1995. Other trace gases and atmospheric chemistry. In Houghton, 1995, p. 73-126.

·Pratt, B. R. 2002. Storms versus tsunamis: Dynamic interplay of sedimentary, diagenetic, and tectonic processes in the Cambrian of Montana. Geology 30: 423-36.

·Press, F., and R. Siever. 1986. Earth (4th ed.) W. H. Freeman: New York.

·Pretty, J. 2003. Social capital and the collective management of resources. Science 302: 1912-14.

·Price, C. 2000. Evidence for a link between global lightning activity and upper tropospheric water vapour. Nature 406: 290-93. ABS: Reviewed by Soden, 2000.

·Prinn, R. G., and B. Fegley, Jr. 1987. Bolide impacts, acid rain, and biospheric traumas at the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 83: 1-15.

·Proffitt, F. 2004. Royal society launches ocean acidification study. Science 305: 1091.

·Proffitt, F. 2004a. North Sea birds in trouble. Science: sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2004/816/2

·Proffitt, F. 2004b. Reproductive failure threatens bird colonies on North Sea coast. Science 305: 1090.

·Prokoph, A., M. Villeneuve, F. P. Agterberg, and V. Rachold. 2001. Geochronology and calibration of global Milankovitch cyclicity at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. Geology 29: 523-26.

·Proshutinsky, A., J. Yang, R. Krishfield, R. Gerdes, M. Karcher, F. Kauker, C. Koeberle, S. Hakkinen, W. Hibler, and D. Holland. 2005. Arctic Ocean study: synthesis of model results and observations. Eos 86: 368, 371.

·Proshutinsky, A., M. Steele, J. Zhang, G. Holloway, N. Steiner, S. Hakkinen, D. Holland, R. Gerdes, C. Koeberle, M. Karcher, M. Johnson, W. Maslowski, W. Walczowski, W. Hibler, and J. Wang. 2001. Multinational effort studies differences among Arctic ocean models. Eos 82: 637, 643-44.

·Pruss, S., M. Fraiser, and D. J. Bottjer. 2004. Proliferation of Early Triassic wrinkle structures: Implications for environmental stress following the end-Permian mass extinction. Geology 32: 461-64.

·Pyne, S. J. 2001. The fires this time, and next. Science 294: 1005-06.

·Quadfasel, D. 2005. The Atlantic heat conveyor slows. Nature 438: 565-66. ABS: Review of Bryden, 2005.

·Quay, P. 2002. Ups and downs of CO2 uptake. Science 298: 2344.

·Quayle, W. C., L. S. Peck, H. Peat, J. C. Ellis-Evans, and P. R. Harrigan. 2002. Extreme responses to climate change in antarctica lakes. Science 295: 645.

·Quiqq, A., Z. V. Finkel, A. J. Irwin, Y. Rosenthal, T.-Y. Ho, J. R. Reinfelder, O. Schofield, F. M. M. Morel, and P. G. Falkowski. 2003. The evolutionary inheritance of elemental stoichiometry in marine phytoplankton. Nature 425: 291-94. ABS: Eukaryotic phytoplankton have two great superfamilies: the green, which uses chlorophyll b, and the red, which employs chlorophyll c. "Fossil evidence suggests that the green superfamily dominated Palaeozoic oceans. However, after the end-Permian extinction, members of the red superfamily rose to dominance." FURTHER REFS: Falkowski, P. G. ···. [date] [name] In Thierstein, H., and J. Young, eds. [date] Coccolithophores: Molecular Processes to Global Impact. (Springer-Verlag: Berlin, in press) [pages].

·Rachold, V., D. Y. Bolshiyanov, M. N. Grigoriev, H.-W. Hubberten, V. V. Kunitsky, F. Merker, P. Overduin, and W. Schneider. 2007. Nearshore Arctic subsea permafrost in transition. Eos 88: 139-40.

·Racki, G. 1999. Silica-secreting biota and mass extinctions: survival patterns and processes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 154: 107-32.

·Racki, G. 2003. End-Permian mass extinction: oceanographic consequences of double catastrophic volcanism. Lethaia 36: 171-73.

·Racki, G., and C. Koeberl. 2004. Comment on "Impact ejecta layer from the Mid-Devonian: Possible connection to global mass extinctions" Science 303: 471b.

·Racki, G., and F. Cordey. 2000. Radiolarian palaeoecology and radiolarites: Is the present key to the past? Earth-Science Reviews 52: 83-120.

·Racki, G., and P. B. Wignall. 2005. Late Permian double-phased mass extinction and volcanism: an oceanographic perspective. In Over, D. J., J. R. Morrow, and P. B. Wignall. 2005. Understanding Late Devonian and Permian-Triassic Biotic and Climatic Events: Towards an Integrated Approach. Elsevier. p. 263-97.

·Racki, G., and T. Wrzolek. 2001. Causes of mass extinctions. Lethaia 34: 200-02.

·Rademacher, L.K., J. F. Clark, and G. B. Hudson. 2002. Temporal changes in stable isotope compostion of spring waters: Implications for recent changes in climate and atmospheric circulation. Geology 30: 139-42.

·Raffaelli, D. 2004. How extinction patterns affect ecosystems. Science 306: 1141-42.

·Raghoebarsing, A. A., A. Pol, K. T. van de Pas-Schoonen, A. J. P. Smolders, K. F. Ettwig, W. I. C. Rijipstra, S. Schouten, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, H. J. M. Op den Camp, M. S. M. Jetten, and M. Strous. 2006. A microbial consortium couples anaerobic methane oxidation to denitrification. Nature 440: 918-21. ABS: Reviewed by Thauer and Shima, 2006.

·Raghu, S., R. C. Andersen, C. C. Daehler, A. S. Davis, R. N. Wiedenmann, D. Simberloff, and R. N. Mack. 2006. Adding biofuels to the invasive species fire? Science 313: 1742..

·Rahmstorf, S. 2002. Stochastic resonance in glacial climate. Eos 83: 129, 135.

·Rahmstorf, S. 2003. The current climate. Nature 421: 699.

·Rahmstorf, S. 2007. A semi-empirical approach to projecting future sea level rise. Science 315: 368-70.

·Rahmstorf, S., D. Archer, D. S. Ebel, O. Eugster, J. Jouzel, D. Maraun, U. Neu, G. A. Schmidt, J. Severinghaus, A. J. Weaver, and J. Zachos. 2004. Cosmic rays, carbon dioxide, and climate. Eos 85: 38, 41.

·Rahn, T. 2007. Tropical rain recycling. Nature 445: 495-96. ABS: Review of Worden, 2007.

·Raloff, J. 2003. Rivers run to it. Science News 163: 29.

·Raloff, J. 2005. Empty nets. Science News 167: 360-62.

·Raloff, J. 2007. Big footprints. Science News 171: 30.

·Raloff, J. 2007. Gas tanks could guzzle half of U.S. corn yields. Science News 171: 78.

·Raloff, J., and B. Harder. 2005. Gender measure. Science News 167: 355.

·Ramanathan, V. 1982. Commentary on Chamberlain, 1982. In Clark, W. C., ed., p. 278-83.

·Ramanathan, V., P. J. Crutzen, J. T. Kiehl, and D. Rosenfeld. 2001. Aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle. Science 294: 2119-24.

·Rampino, M. R., A. Prokopf, and A. Adler. 2000. Tempo of the end-Permian event: High-resolution cyclostratigraphy at the Permian-Triassic boundary. Geology 28: 643-46.

·Rampino, M. R., and A. C. Adler. 1998. Evidence for abrupt latest Permian extinction of foraminifera: Results of tests for the Signor-Lipps effect. Geology 26: 415-18.

·Rampino, M. R., and R. B. Stothers. 1988. Flood basalt volcanism during the last 250 million years. Science 241: 663-67. ABS: 32 million-year comet shower cycles trigger flood basalt volcanism, which trigger extinctions. Closely follows Courtillot ideas. [Me: Argh! And the authors don't even consider Ontong-Java, the NAIP, or CAMP! Underwater eruptions apparently don't count.]

·Rampino, M. R., S. Self, and R. B. Stothers. 1988. Volcanic winters. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 16: 73-99.

·Ramsayer, K. 2003. Killer consequences: Has whaling driven orcas to a diet of sea lions? Science News 164: 195.

·Randel, W. J. 2004. Wider connections for El Niño. Nature 431: 920-21.

·Randerson, J. T., H. Liu, M. G. Flanner, S. D. Chambers, Y. Jin, P. G. Hess, G. Pfister, M. C. Mack, K. K. Treseder, L. R. Welp, F. S. Chapin, J. W. Harden, M. L. Goulden, E. Lyons, J. C. Neff, E. A. G. Schuur, and C. S. Zender. 2006. The impact of Boreal forest fire on climate warming. Science 314: 1130-32.

·Rankey, E. C. 1997. Relations between relative changes in sea level and climate shifts: Pennsylvanian-Permian mixed carbonate-siliciclastic strata, western United States. GSA Bulletin 109: 1089-1100.

·Raper, S. C. B., and R. J. Braithwaite. 2006. Low sea level rise projections from mountain glaciers and icecaps under global warming. Nature 439: 311-13.

·Rasmussen, S., L. Chen, D. Deamer, D. C. Krakauer, N. H. Packard, P. F. Stadler, and M. A. Bedau. 2004. Transitions from nonliving to living matter. Science 303: 963-65.

·Raup, D. M. 1979. Size of the Permo-Triassic bottleneck and its evolutionary implications. Science 206: 217-18.

·Raup, D. M., and J. J. Sepkoski, Jr. 1982. Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record. Science 215: 1501-03.

·Raup, D. M., and J. J. Sepkoski. 1984. Periodicity of extinctions in the geological past. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 81: 801-05.

·Raup, D. M., and J. J. Sepkoski. 1986. Periodic extinction of families and genera. Science 231: 833-36.

·Ravelo, A. C., D. H. Andreasen, M. Lyle, A. O. Lyle, and M. W. Wara. 2004. Regional climate shifts caused by gradual global cooling in the Pliocene epoch. Nature 429: 263-67.

·Ravelo, A. C., P. S. Dekens, and M. McCarthy.. 2006. [name] GSA Today 3: (doi)10.1130/1052-5173.

·Raven, J. A. 2002. Evolutionary options. Nature 415: 375-77.

·Raven, P. H. 2002. Science, sustainability, and the human prospect. Science 297: 954-58.

·Ravizza, G., and B. Peucker-Ehrenbrink. 2003. Chemostratigraphic evidence of Deccan volcanism from the marine osmium isotope record. Science 302: 1392-95. ABS: Reviewed by Kerr, 2003 (Extinction by a whoosh, not a bang?).

·Ray, J. S., and K. Pande. 1999. Carbonatite alkaline magmatism associated with continental flood basalts at stratigraphic boundaries: Cause for mass extinctions. Geophysical Research Letters 26: 1917-20.

·Raymo, M. E., L. E. Lisiecki, and K. H. Nisancioglu. 2006. Plio-Pleistocene ice volume, Antarctic climate, and the Global d180 record. Science 313: 492-95. ABS: Reviewed by Paillard, 2006.

·Raymond, C. F. 2002. Ice sheets on the move. Science 298: 2147-48.

·Raymond, J., O. Zaxybayeva, J. P. Gogarten, S. Y. Gerdes, and R. E. Blankenship. 2002. Whole-genome analysis of photosynthetic prokaryotes. Science 298: 1616-20. ABS: Reviewed by Pennisi, 2002.

·Raymond, P. A. 2005. The age of the Amazon's breath. Nature 436: 469-70. ABS: Review of Mayroga, 2005.

·Raymond, P. A., and J. J. Cole. 2003. Increase in the export of alkalinity from North America's largest river. Science 301: 88-91. ABS: Reviewed by Ittekkott, 2003.

·Raynaud, D. 1993. Ice core records as a key to understanding the history of atmospheric trace gases. In Oremland, 1993, p. 29-45.

·Raynaud, D., J.-M. Barnola, R. Souchez, R. Lorrain, J.-R. Petit, P. Duval, and V. Y. Lipenkov. 2005. The record for marine isotopic stage 11. Nature 436: 39-40.

·Rayner, P. J., and D. M. O'Brien. 2001. The utility of remotely sensed CO2 concentration data in surface source inversions. Geophysical Research Letters 28: 175-78.

·Raysayer, K. 2003. Killer consequences: Has whaling driven orcas to a diet of sea lions?. Science News 164: 195-96. ABS: Review of Springer, A. M., 2003 (upcoming PNAS). In contrast to that newspaper article, this article argues that whaling deprived killer whales of a major food source, forcing them to feed on sea lions, seals, and sea otters. Thus this article disputes the ocean temperature change proposal for seal, sea lion, and sea otter decline.

·Reay, D., P. Smith, and G. Hymus. 2007. Spring-time for sinks. Nature 446: 727-28.

·Reed, C. Boiling points. Nature 439: 905-07.

·Rees, P. M. 2002. Land-plant diversity and the end-Permian mass extincion. Geology 30: 827-30.

·Rees, W. E. 2003. A blot on the land. Nature 421: 898.

·Regenauer-Lieb, K., D. A. Yuen, and J. Branlund. 2001. The initiation of subduction: Criticality by addition of water? Science 294: 578-80.

·Rehmeyer, J. 2006. Gassy bugs. Science News 170: 213.

·Rehmeyer, J. 2006. Hot, hotter, hot. Science News 170: 228-30.

·Rehmeyer, J. J. 2006. Oceans reveal secrets of viruses. Science News 170: 365.

·Reich, P. B., S. E. Hobbie, T. Lee, D. S. Ellsworth, J. B. West, D. Tilman, J. M. H. Knoops, S. Naeem, and J. Trost. 2006. Nitrogen limitation constraints sustainability of ecosystem response to CO2. Nature 440: 922-25.

·Reichow, M. K., A. D. Saunders, R. V. White, M. S. Pringle, A. I. Al'Mukhamedov, A. I. Medvedev, and N. P. Kirda. 2002. 40Ar/39Ar Dates from the West Siberian Basin: Siberian Flood Basalt Province Doubled. Science 296: 1846-49.

·Reimer, P. J. 2004. Spots from rings. Nature 431: 1047-48.

·Renne, P. R. 2002. Flood basalts-Bigger and badder. Science 296: 1812-13.

·Renne, P. R., and A. R. Basu. 1991. Rapid eruption of the Siberian traps flood basalts at the Permo-Triassic boundary. Science 253: 176-79.

·Renne, P. R., H. J. Melosh, K. A. Farley, W. U. Weimold, C. Koeberl, M. R. Rampino, S. P. Kelly, and B. A. Ivanov. 2004. Is Bedout an impact crater? Take 2. Science 306: 610-11.

·Renne, P. R., Z. Zichao, M. A. Richards, M. T. Black, and A. R. Basu. 1995. Synchrony and causal relations between Permian-Triassic boundary crises and Siberian flood volcanism. Science 269: 1413-16.

·Rensbergen, P. V., M. De Batist, J. Klerkx, R. Hus, J. Poort, M. Vanneste, N. Granin, O. Khlystov, and P. Krinitsky. 2002. Sublacustrine mud volcanoes and methane seeps caused by dissociation of gas hydrates in Lake Baikal. Geology 30: 631-34.

·Renwick, W. H., S. V. Smith, R. O. Sleezer, and R. W. Buddemeier. 2004. Comment on "Managing soil carbon" (II). Science 305: 1567c.

·Restelli, G., and G. Angeletti., eds. 1993. Dimethysulphide: Oceans Atmosphere, and Climate. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, Boston, London.

·Retallack, G. J. 1995. Permian-Triassic life crisis on land. Science 267: 77-80.

·Retallack, G. J. 1996. Acid trauma at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in eastern Montana. GSA Today 6 (May 1996): 1-7.

·Retallack, G. J. 2001. A 300-million-year record of atmospheric carbon dioxide from fossil plant cuticles. Nature 411: 287-90. ABS: Reviewed by Kürschner, 2001.

·Retallack, G. J. 2002. Triassic-Jurassic atmospheric CO2 spike. Nature 415: 387-88. ABS: Response to Tanner, 2001.

·Retallack, G. J. 2004. Reply to: Vertebrate extinction across Permian-Triassic boundary in Karoo Basin, South Africa: Discussion. GSA Bulletin 116: 1295-96.

·Retallack, G. J., J. J. Veevers, and R. Morante. 1996. Global coal gap between Permian-Triassic extinction and Middle Triassic recovery of peat-forming plants. GSA Bulletin 108: 195-207.

·Retallack, G. J., R. M. H. Smith, and P. D. Ward. 2003. Vertebrate extinction across Permian-Triassic boundary in Karoo Basin, South Africa. Geological Society of America Bulletin 115: 1133-52.

·Revelle, R. R. 1983. Methane hydrate in continental slope sediments and increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. In National Research Council. Changing Climate: report of the Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee National Academy Press Washington, D. C., p. 252-61. [QC879.8.N37 1983] (Full catalog title: National Research Council (U.S.). Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee. Changing climate : report of the Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee /, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources, National Research Council.)

·Revkin, A. 2002. Climate plan is criticized as a risky bet. New York Times, February 26, 2002: D1-2.

·Revkin, A. 2004. Climate debate gets its icon: Mt. Kilimanjaro. New York Times (March, 23, 2004): D1, 4.

·Revkin, A. C. 2001. Both sides now: New way that clouds may cool. New York Times (June 18, 2001): D4.

·Revkin, A. C. 2004. Carbon dioxide extends its harmful reach to oceans. New York Times (July 20, 2004): D3. ABS: Review of Feely, 2004, and Sabine, 2004.

·Revkin, A. C. 2004. New research questions uniqueness of recent warming. New York Times (October 5, 2004): D2.

·Revkin, A. C. 2005. Now they even have names: Gulf currents that turn storms into monsters. New York Times (September 27, 2005): D1, 4.

·Revkin, A. C. 2005. Report tallies hidden costs of human assault on nature. NY Times (April 5, 2005): D2.

·Revkin, A. C. 2005. Under all that ice, maybe oil. NY Times (November 30, 2004): D1, D4.

·Reynolds, C., and E. Mazzi. 2007. Moving toward decarbonization. Science 315: 329. ABS: Comment on Shinnar and Citro, 2006. See also Lightfoot, 2007, and Shinnar and Citro, 2007.

·Reysenbach, A.-L., and E. Shock. 2002. Merging genomes with geochemistry in Hydrothermal Ecosystems. Science 296: 1077-82.

·Richards, M. A., D. L. Jones, R. A. Duncan, and D. J. DePaolo. 1991. A mantle plume initiation model for the Wrangellia Flood Basalt and other oceanic plateaus. Science 254: 263-67.

·Richards, M. A., R. A. Duncan, and V. E. Courtillot. 1989. Flood basalts and hot-spot tracks: Plume heads and tails. Science 246: 103-07.

·Richardson, A. J., and D. S. Schoeman. 2004. Climate impact on plankton ecosystems in the northeast Atlantic. Science 305: 1609-12. ABS: Reviewed by Stokstad, 2004.

·Richey, J. E., J. M. Melack, A. K. Aufdenkampe, V. M. Ballester, and L. L. Hess. 2002. Outgassing from Amazonian rivers and wetlands as a large tropical source of atmospheric CO2. Nature 416: 617-20. ABS: Reviewed by Grace and Mahli, 2002.

·Rickaby, R. E. M., S. Shaw, G. Bennitt, H. Kennedy, M. Zabel, and A. Lennie. 2006. Potential of ikaite to record the evolution of oceanic d18O. Geology 34: 497-500.

·Ridel, M., I. Novosel, G. D. Spence, R. D. Hyndman, R. N. Chapman, R. C. Solem, and T. Lewis. 2006. Geophysical and geochemical signatures associated with gas hydrate-related venting in the northern Cascadia margin. GSA Bulletin 118: 23-38.

·Ridgwell, A. J., M. J. Kennedy, and K. Caldeira. 2003. Carbonate deposition, climate stability, and Neoproterozoic ice ages. Science 302: 859-62. ABS: Reviewed by Archer, 2003.

·Riding, R. E, and S. M. Awramik, eds. 2000. Microbial sediments. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York. [Shields QR73.6.M53 2000]

·Riebe, C. S., J. W. Kirchner, D. E. Granger, and R. C. Finkel. 2001. Strong tectonic and weak climatic control of long-term chemical weathering rates. Geology 29: 511-514.

·Riebesell, U., I. Zondervan, B. Rost, P. D. Tortell, R. E. Zeebe, and F. M. Morel. 2000. Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2. Nature 407: 364-67.

·Riedel, M., T. Collett, M. Malone, F. Akiba, H. Saitama, M. Blanc-Valleron, M. Ellis, G. Guerin, Y. Hashimoto, V. Heuer, Y. Higashi, M. Holland, P. Jackson, M. Kaneko, M. Kastner, J.-H. Kim, H. Kitajima, P. Long, A. Malinverno, G. Myers, L. Palekar, J. Pohlman, P. Schultheiss, B. Teichert, M. Torres, A. Tréhu, J. Wang, U. Wortmann, and H. Yoshioka. 2006. Gas hydrate transect across northern Cascadia Margin. Eos 87: 325, 330, 332.

·Ries, J. B. 2004. Effect of ambient Mg/Ca ratio on Mg fractionation in calcareous marine invertebrates: A record of the oceanic Mg/Ca ratio over the Phanerozoic. Geology 32: 981-84.

·Ries, J. B., S. M. Stanley, and L. A. Hardie. 2006. Scleractinian corals produce calcite, and grow more slowly, in artificial Cretaceous seawater. Geology 34: 525-28.

·Rignot, E., and P. Kanagaratnam. 2006. Changes in the velocity structure of the Greenland ice sheet. Science 311: 986-90. ABS: Reviewed by Dowdeswell, 2006.

·Rignot, E., and R. H. Thomas. 2002. Mass balance of polar ice sheets. Science 297: 1502-06.

·Riley, T. R., P. T. Leat, and M. L. Curtis. 2006. Comment on Jourdan, 2005 (Karoo large igneous province: Brevity, origin, and relation to mass extinction questioned by new 40Ar/39Ar age data). Geology online forum: (doi) 10.1130/G22380C.1

·Rind, D. 2002. The sun's role in climate variations. Science 296: 673-77.

·Rivera, M. C., and J. A. Lake. 2004. The ring of life provides evidence for a genome fusion origin of eukaryotes. Nature 431: 152-55.

·Rivkin, R. B., and L. Legendre. 2001. Biogenic carbon cycling in the upper ocean: Effects of microbial respiration. Science 291: 2398-400.

·Robert, F. 2001. The origin of water on earth. Science 293: 1056-58.

·Robert, F., and M. Chaussidon. 2006. A palaeotemperature curve for the Precambrian oceans based on silicon isotopes in cherts. Nature 443: 969-72. ABS: Reviewed by De La Rocha, 2006.

·Roberts, J. A., P. C. Bennett, L. A. González, G. L. Macpherson, and K. L. Miliken. 2004. Microbial precipitation of dolomite in methanogenic groundwater. Geology 32: 277-80.

·Robinson, L. F., J. F. Adkins, L. D. Keigwin, J. Southon, D. P. Fernandez, S-L Wang, and D. S. Scheirer. 2005. Radiocarbon variability in the western North Atlantic during the last deglacation. Science 310: 1469-73.

·Robison, B. H., K. R. Reisenbichler, and R. E. Sherlock. 2005. Giant larvacean houses: Rapid carbon transport to the deep sea floor. Science 308: 1609-11. ABS: Reviewed by Davidson, 2005.

·Robock, A. 2002. Blowin' in the wind: Research priorities for climate effects of volcanic eruptions. Eos 83: 472.

·Robock, A. 2002. The climatic aftermath. Science 295: 1242-44.

·Rodrigues, A. S. L., S. J. Andelman, M. I. Bakarr, L. Boitani, T. M. Brooks, R. M. Cowling, L. D. C. Fishpool, G. A. B. d. Fonseca, K. J. Gaston, M. Hoffman, J. S. Long, P. A. Marquet, J. D. Pilgrim, R